From 115f0a8f23b08686576705c85cdfd22ff8228aa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Feb 2021 01:39:22 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/31] Bump cryptography from 3.2 to 3.3.2

Bumps [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography) from 3.2 to 3.3.2.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/blob/master/CHANGELOG.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/compare/3.2...3.3.2)

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index e26064b..c830d94 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
 certifi==2018.8.24
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
-cryptography==3.2
+cryptography==3.3.2
 cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==2.7

From b1b208a79f75be8233261b88d10b33e7de57fbed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Mar 2021 18:43:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/31] Bump pygments from 2.3.1 to 2.7.4

Bumps [pygments](https://github.com/pygments/pygments) from 2.3.1 to 2.7.4.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/blob/master/CHANGES)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/compare/2.3.1...2.7.4)

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index c830d94..8db7b8b 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Keras==2.2.4
 Keras-Preprocessing==1.0.5
 PySocks==1.6.8
-Pygments==2.3.1
+Pygments==2.7.4
 Quandl==3.4.5
 asn1crypto==0.24.0
 backcall==0.1.0

From 8dd8a1e3672c94e30687ab8bf1e5dc39dd57d176 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Jun 2021 17:46:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 03/31] Bump pip from 10.0.1 to 19.2

Bumps [pip](https://github.com/pypa/pip) from 10.0.1 to 19.2.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/pip/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/pip/blob/main/NEWS.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/pip/compare/10.0.1...19.2)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pip
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 8db7b8b..b9324d9 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pandas==0.23.4
 patsy==0.5.0
 pexpect==4.6.0
 pickleshare==0.7.5
-pip==10.0.1
+pip==19.2
 ptyprocess==0.6.0
 pyOpenSSL==18.0.0
 pycparser==2.19

From c3317dd57d96967a9934150f58039e02baa516df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Nov 2021 17:48:10 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 04/31] Bump pip from 19.2 to 21.1

Bumps [pip](https://github.com/pypa/pip) from 19.2 to 21.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/pip/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/pip/blob/main/NEWS.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/pip/compare/19.2...21.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pip
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index b9324d9..ed895c6 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pandas==0.23.4
 patsy==0.5.0
 pexpect==4.6.0
 pickleshare==0.7.5
-pip==19.2
+pip==21.1
 ptyprocess==0.6.0
 pyOpenSSL==18.0.0
 pycparser==2.19

From 2664498ec023784f9ab5d5285fa3c41ad0f28f79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Jan 2022 19:40:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/31] Bump ipython from 7.2.0 to 7.16.3

Bumps [ipython](https://github.com/ipython/ipython) from 7.2.0 to 7.16.3.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/ipython/ipython/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/ipython/ipython/compare/7.2.0...7.16.3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: ipython
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index ed895c6..5a9cb4d 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==2.7
 inflection==0.3.1
-ipython==7.2.0
+ipython==7.16.3
 jedi==0.13.2
 kiwisolver==1.0.1
 matplotlib==3.0.0

From d46d3a77b1aa7828433922328478ded0af4118bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Mar 2022 04:29:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/31] Bump numpy from 1.15.2 to 1.21.0

Bumps [numpy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy) from 1.15.2 to 1.21.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/main/doc/HOWTO_RELEASE.rst.txt)
- [Commits](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/compare/v1.15.2...v1.21.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: numpy
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 5a9cb4d..e3781d9 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jedi==0.13.2
 kiwisolver==1.0.1
 matplotlib==3.0.0
 more-itertools==5.0.0
-numpy==1.15.2
+numpy==1.21.0
 pandas==0.23.4
 patsy==0.5.0
 pexpect==4.6.0

From b3befe6daccae5289b23ce9b4dc700ad9c22437b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Jun 2022 05:13:07 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/31] Bump numpy from 1.21.0 to 1.22.0

Bumps [numpy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy) from 1.21.0 to 1.22.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/main/doc/HOWTO_RELEASE.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/numpy/numpy/compare/v1.21.0...v1.22.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: numpy
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index e3781d9..fb81870 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jedi==0.13.2
 kiwisolver==1.0.1
 matplotlib==3.0.0
 more-itertools==5.0.0
-numpy==1.21.0
+numpy==1.22.0
 pandas==0.23.4
 patsy==0.5.0
 pexpect==4.6.0

From bc1edd25840b7a282de088d6e1c2b3d64f4ce64a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amogh Singhal <singhal.amogh1995@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Oct 2022 18:51:29 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 08/31] Update interview_prep.md

---
 interview_prep.md | 14 +++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/interview_prep.md b/interview_prep.md
index 141d40a..b9f25af 100644
--- a/interview_prep.md
+++ b/interview_prep.md
@@ -86,7 +86,19 @@ This means that you automatically know the thickness of 6th book even though you
 
 This means that if you have measured (n-1) objects then the nth object has no freedom to vary. Therefore, degree of freedom is only (n-1) and not n.
 
-### 7. What are the assumptions of the normal distribution ? Why is it useful ?
+### 7. What are the assumptions of the linear regression model ? Why is it useful ?
+We can divide the basic assumptions of linear regression into two categories based on whether the assumptions are about the explanatory variables (i.e. features) or the residuals.
+
+#### Assumptions about the explanatory variables (features):
+* Linearity
+* No multicollinearity
+
+#### Assumptions about the error terms (residuals):
+* Gaussian distribution
+* Homoskedasticity
+* No autocorrelation
+* Zero conditional mean
+
 ### 8. What are the different approches to outlier detection ?  How will you handle the outliers? Why is it useful ?
 ### 9. How you assess OLS regression models ?
 Three statistics are used in Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to evaluate model fit: 

From c2e8b65528c68da00584a7d0f17138dbbebe5318 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Dec 2022 03:00:44 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/31] Bump certifi from 2018.8.24 to 2022.12.7

Bumps [certifi](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi) from 2018.8.24 to 2022.12.7.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/compare/2018.08.24...2022.12.07)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: certifi
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fb81870..358b9cf 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Quandl==3.4.5
 asn1crypto==0.24.0
 backcall==0.1.0
 beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
-certifi==2018.8.24
+certifi==2022.12.7
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
 cryptography==3.3.2

From ac3a9d454e6b2f5337eb8b23d59d7ec1b675308b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Dec 2022 20:44:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/31] Bump wheel from 0.31.1 to 0.38.1

Bumps [wheel](https://github.com/pypa/wheel) from 0.31.1 to 0.38.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/wheel/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/wheel/blob/main/docs/news.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/wheel/compare/0.31.1...0.38.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: wheel
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fb81870..161cd8a 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ statsmodels==0.9.0
 tornado==5.1.1
 traitlets==4.3.2
 wcwidth==0.1.7
-wheel==0.31.1
+wheel==0.38.1

From ff7d8668939a6c9f874bf97d3d5882a5cd4a5863 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Dec 2022 15:34:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/31] Bump setuptools from 40.2.0 to 65.5.1

Bumps [setuptools](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools) from 40.2.0 to 65.5.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/blob/main/CHANGES.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/compare/v40.2.0...v65.5.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: setuptools
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fb81870..1fd8a28 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ requests>=2.20.0
 scikit-learn==0.20.0
 scipy==1.1.0
 seaborn==0.9.0
-setuptools==40.2.0
+setuptools==65.5.1
 six==1.11.0
 statsmodels==0.9.0
 tornado==5.1.1

From 53bf9acbdaa1320bb4898b9b643e5057c2b382b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Feb 2023 23:09:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/31] Bump ipython from 7.16.3 to 8.10.0

Bumps [ipython](https://github.com/ipython/ipython) from 7.16.3 to 8.10.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/ipython/ipython/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/ipython/ipython/compare/7.16.3...8.10.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: ipython
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fb81870..ce374c0 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==2.7
 inflection==0.3.1
-ipython==7.16.3
+ipython==8.10.0
 jedi==0.13.2
 kiwisolver==1.0.1
 matplotlib==3.0.0

From d1b7d1f47a4a6267c3432b9fef42b64d674a0a68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Feb 2023 06:07:47 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/31] Bump cryptography from 3.3.2 to 39.0.1

Bumps [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography) from 3.3.2 to 39.0.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/blob/main/CHANGELOG.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/compare/3.3.2...39.0.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: cryptography
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 358b9cf..cefb6fd 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
 certifi==2022.12.7
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
-cryptography==3.3.2
+cryptography==39.0.1
 cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==2.7

From 25e8b590423b39402886a12dc0f573824a909ebe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amogh Singhal <singhal.amogh1995@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Feb 2023 11:42:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 14/31] Create dependabot.yml

Adding new file
---
 .github/dependabot.yml | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/dependabot.yml

diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a78b9c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify whic
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "" # See documentation for possible values
+    directory: "/" # Location of package manifests
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"

From 4be2cd4109d65140f305fd5936fddf25a4526593 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amogh Singhal <singhal.amogh1995@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 15:09:56 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 15/31] Add files via upload

---
 prec_rec_curve.py | 143 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 143 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prec_rec_curve.py

diff --git a/prec_rec_curve.py b/prec_rec_curve.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bde221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prec_rec_curve.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+import numpy as np
+from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, precision_score, recall_score
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import matplotlib.patches as ptch 
+
+# Appendix A - working with single threshold
+pred_scores = [0.7, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.55, 0.9, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.3]
+y_true = ["positive", "negative", "negative", "positive", "positive", "positive", "negative", "positive", "negative", "positive"]
+
+# To convert the scores into a class label, a threshold is used. 
+# When the score is equal to or above the threshold, the sample is classified as one class. 
+# Otherwise, it is classified as the other class. 
+# Suppose a sample is Positive if its score is above or equal to the threshold. Otherwise, it is Negative. 
+# The next block of code converts the scores into class labels with a threshold of 0.5.
+
+threshold = 0.5
+
+y_pred = ["positive" if score >= threshold else "negative" for score in pred_scores]
+print(y_pred)
+
+r = np.flip(confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred))
+print("\n# Confusion Matrix (From Left to Right & Top to Bottom: \nTrue Positive, False Negative, \nFalse Positive, True Negative)")
+print(r)
+
+# Remember that the higher the precision, the more confident the model is when it classifies a sample as Positive.
+# Higher the recall, the more positive samples the model correctly classified as Positive.
+
+precision = precision_score(y_true=y_true, y_pred=y_pred, pos_label="positive")
+print("\n# Precision = 4/(4+1)")
+print(precision)
+
+recall = recall_score(y_true=y_true, y_pred=y_pred, pos_label="positive")
+print("\n# Recall = 4/(4+2)")
+print(recall)
+
+# Appendix B - working with multiple thresholds
+y_true = ["positive", "negative", "negative", "positive", "positive", "positive", "negative", "positive", "negative", "positive", "positive", "positive", "positive", "negative", "negative", "negative"]
+
+pred_scores = [0.7, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.55, 0.9, 0.4, 0.2, 0.4, 0.3, 0.7, 0.5, 0.8, 0.2, 0.3, 0.35]
+
+thresholds = np.arange(start=0.2, stop=0.7, step=0.05)
+
+# Due to the importance of both precision and recall, there is a precision-recall curve that shows 
+# the tradeoff between the precision and recall values for different thresholds. 
+# This curve helps to select the best threshold to maximize both metrics
+
+def precision_recall_curve(y_true, pred_scores, thresholds):
+    precisions = []
+    recalls = []
+    f1_scores = []
+    
+    for threshold in thresholds:
+        y_pred = ["positive" if score >= threshold else "negative" for score in pred_scores]
+
+        precision = precision_score(y_true=y_true, y_pred=y_pred, pos_label="positive")
+        recall = recall_score(y_true=y_true, y_pred=y_pred, pos_label="positive")
+        f1_score = (2 * precision * recall) / (precision + recall)
+        
+        precisions.append(precision)
+        recalls.append(recall)
+        f1_scores.append(f1_score)
+
+    return precisions, recalls, f1_scores
+
+precisions, recalls, f1_scores = precision_recall_curve(y_true=y_true, 
+                                             pred_scores=pred_scores,
+                                             thresholds=thresholds)
+
+print("\nRecall:: 	Precision 	:: F1-Score",)
+for p, r, f in zip(precisions, recalls, f1_scores):
+	print(round(r,4),"\t::\t",round(p,4),"\t::\t",round(f,4))
+
+# np.max() returns the max. value in the array
+# np.argmax() will return the index of the value found by np.max()
+
+print('Best F1-Score: ', np.max(f1_scores))
+idx_best_f1 = np.argmax(f1_scores)
+print('\nBest threshold: ', thresholds[idx_best_f1])
+print('Index of threshold: ', idx_best_f1)
+
+# Can disable comment to display the plot
+
+# plt.plot(recalls, precisions, linewidth=4, color="red")
+# plt.scatter(recalls[idx_best_f1], precisions[idx_best_f1], zorder=1, linewidth=6)
+# plt.xlabel("Recall", fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
+# plt.ylabel("Precision", fontsize=12, fontweight='bold')
+# plt.title("Precision-Recall Curve", fontsize=15, fontweight="bold")
+# plt.show()
+
+# Appendix C - average precision (AP)
+precisions, recalls, f1_scores = precision_recall_curve(y_true=y_true, 
+                                             pred_scores=pred_scores, 
+                                             thresholds=thresholds)
+
+precisions.append(1)
+recalls.append(0)
+
+precisions = np.array(precisions)
+recalls = np.array(recalls)
+
+print('\nRecall ::',recalls)
+print('Precision ::',precisions)
+
+AP = np.sum((recalls[:-1] - recalls[1:]) * precisions[:-1])
+print("\nAP --", AP)
+
+# Appendix D - Intersection over Union
+
+# gt_box -- 	ground-truth bounding box
+# pred_box --	prediction bounding box 
+def intersection_over_union(gt_box, pred_box):
+
+    inter_box_top_left = [max(gt_box[0], pred_box[0]), max(gt_box[1], pred_box[1])]
+
+    print("\ninter_box_top_left:", inter_box_top_left)
+    print("gt_box:", gt_box)
+    print("pred_box:", pred_box)
+    inter_box_bottom_right = [min(gt_box[0]+gt_box[2], pred_box[0]+pred_box[2]), min(gt_box[1]+gt_box[3], pred_box[1]+pred_box[3])]
+    print("inter_box_bottom_right:", inter_box_bottom_right)
+
+    inter_box_w = inter_box_bottom_right[0] - inter_box_top_left[0]
+    print("inter_box_w:", inter_box_w)
+    inter_box_h = inter_box_bottom_right[1] - inter_box_top_left[1]
+    print("inter_box_h:", inter_box_h)
+
+    intersection = inter_box_w * inter_box_h
+    union = gt_box[2] * gt_box[3] + pred_box[2] * pred_box[3] - intersection
+    
+    iou = intersection / union
+
+    return iou, intersection, union
+
+gt_box1 = [320, 220, 680, 900]
+pred_box1 = [500, 320, 550, 700]
+
+gt_box2 = [645, 130, 310, 320]
+pred_box2 = [500, 60, 310, 320]
+
+iou1 = intersection_over_union(gt_box1, pred_box1)
+print("\nIOU1 ::", iou1)
+
+iou2 = intersection_over_union(gt_box2, pred_box2)
+print("\nIOU2 ::", iou2)
\ No newline at end of file

From bb15cdf6389dff507763a5ac78e523d528b1e98f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amogh Singhal <singhal.amogh1995@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 15:25:21 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 16/31] Create SECURITY.md

---
 SECURITY.md | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 SECURITY.md

diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..034e848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+Use this section to tell people about which versions of your project are
+currently being supported with security updates.
+
+| Version | Supported          |
+| ------- | ------------------ |
+| 5.1.x   | :white_check_mark: |
+| 5.0.x   | :x:                |
+| 4.0.x   | :white_check_mark: |
+| < 4.0   | :x:                |
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+Use this section to tell people how to report a vulnerability.
+
+Tell them where to go, how often they can expect to get an update on a
+reported vulnerability, what to expect if the vulnerability is accepted or
+declined, etc.

From a6fbb3db2be99581bcddd29c0d95c162e121807b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amogh Singhal <singhal.amogh1995@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jun 2023 12:07:25 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 17/31] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4da9732..9e3482e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 # Machine-Learning-with-Python ![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/devAmoghS/Machine-Learning-with-Python?style=for-the-badge)  ![GitHub forks](https://img.shields.io/github/forks/devAmoghS/Machine-Learning-with-Python?label=Forks&style=for-the-badge)
+
+## Star History
+
+[![Star History Chart](https://api.star-history.com/svg?repos=devAmoghS/Machine-Learning-with-Python&type=Date)](https://star-history.com/#devAmoghS/Machine-Learning-with-Python&Date)
+
+
 ![alt text](https://media.istockphoto.com/vectors/machine-learning-3-step-infographic-artificial-intelligence-machine-vector-id962219860?k=6&m=962219860&s=612x612&w=0&h=yricYyUqZbILMHp3IvtenS3xbRDhu1w1u5kk2az5tbo=)
 
 ## Small scale machine learning projects to understand the core concepts (order: oldest to newest)

From 17e89d10c1a055cf7533657f7a7e7100c6755841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 21:25:48 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 18/31] Bump scipy from 1.1.0 to 1.10.0

Bumps [scipy](https://github.com/scipy/scipy) from 1.1.0 to 1.10.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/compare/v1.1.0...v1.10.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: scipy
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index a6641fd..8d6a647 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ python-dateutil==2.7.3
 pytz==2018.5
 requests>=2.20.0
 scikit-learn==0.20.0
-scipy==1.1.0
+scipy==1.10.0
 seaborn==0.9.0
 setuptools==65.5.1
 six==1.11.0

From f93afe24b8b72b23c6f67919002436f2e43f62ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Jul 2023 13:10:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 19/31] Bump pygments from 2.7.4 to 2.15.0

Bumps [pygments](https://github.com/pygments/pygments) from 2.7.4 to 2.15.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/blob/master/CHANGES)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pygments/pygments/compare/2.7.4...2.15.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pygments
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index a6641fd..c002b50 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Keras==2.2.4
 Keras-Preprocessing==1.0.5
 PySocks==1.6.8
-Pygments==2.7.4
+Pygments==2.15.0
 Quandl==3.4.5
 asn1crypto==0.24.0
 backcall==0.1.0

From ffaf0c4d0aafa65483982137aef0a67adc394562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Aug 2023 01:32:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 20/31] Bump cryptography from 39.0.1 to 41.0.3

Bumps [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography) from 39.0.1 to 41.0.3.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/blob/main/CHANGELOG.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/compare/39.0.1...41.0.3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: cryptography
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index a6641fd..a152178 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
 certifi==2022.12.7
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
-cryptography==39.0.1
+cryptography==41.0.3
 cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==2.7

From 2e13fda52748ca4dec2c36d016082368e2db3a97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Aug 2023 22:03:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 21/31] Bump tornado from 5.1.1 to 6.3.3

Bumps [tornado](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado) from 5.1.1 to 6.3.3.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/blob/master/docs/releases.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/compare/v5.1.1...v6.3.3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: tornado
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index a6641fd..df8dfee 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ seaborn==0.9.0
 setuptools==65.5.1
 six==1.11.0
 statsmodels==0.9.0
-tornado==5.1.1
+tornado==6.3.3
 traitlets==4.3.2
 wcwidth==0.1.7
 wheel==0.38.1

From e8dbf024ed64e1ee240244246700a8a821b74235 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Aug 2023 01:39:09 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 22/31] Bump certifi from 2022.12.7 to 2023.7.22

Bumps [certifi](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi) from 2022.12.7 to 2023.7.22.
- [Commits](https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/compare/2022.12.07...2023.07.22)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: certifi
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index a6641fd..8f71574 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Quandl==3.4.5
 asn1crypto==0.24.0
 backcall==0.1.0
 beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
-certifi==2022.12.7
+certifi==2023.7.22
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
 cryptography==39.0.1

From 1a671db581c679d179ef3585c6a725feacc12805 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:35:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 23/31] Bump pip from 21.1 to 23.3

Bumps [pip](https://github.com/pypa/pip) from 21.1 to 23.3.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/pip/blob/main/NEWS.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/pip/compare/21.1...23.3)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pip
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 6622752..25351e5 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pandas==0.23.4
 patsy==0.5.0
 pexpect==4.6.0
 pickleshare==0.7.5
-pip==21.1
+pip==23.3
 ptyprocess==0.6.0
 pyOpenSSL==18.0.0
 pycparser==2.19

From ece2528697d6b28dee7718e4a127206c274a83b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:36:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 24/31] Bump cryptography from 39.0.1 to 42.0.4

Bumps [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography) from 39.0.1 to 42.0.4.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/blob/main/CHANGELOG.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/compare/39.0.1...42.0.4)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: cryptography
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fc5d79d..441b518 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
 certifi==2023.7.22
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
-cryptography==41.0.3
+cryptography==42.0.4
 cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==2.7

From 75c3a6eb23031e62731551690b2326d73ab40b0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:36:37 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 25/31] Bump tornado from 5.1.1 to 6.4.1

Bumps [tornado](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado) from 5.1.1 to 6.4.1.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/blob/master/docs/releases.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/compare/v5.1.1...v6.4.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: tornado
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fc5d79d..a2f9cf2 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ seaborn==0.9.0
 setuptools==65.5.1
 six==1.11.0
 statsmodels==0.9.0
-tornado==6.3.3
+tornado==6.4.1
 traitlets==4.3.2
 wcwidth==0.1.7
 wheel==0.38.1

From 0ee256998f26d57e216edbbcb58516f301703fb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:36:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 26/31] Bump scikit-learn from 0.20.0 to 1.5.0

Bumps [scikit-learn](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn) from 0.20.0 to 1.5.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/compare/0.20.0...1.5.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: scikit-learn
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index fc5d79d..fc2d7ab 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pyparsing==2.2.1
 python-dateutil==2.7.3
 pytz==2018.5
 requests>=2.20.0
-scikit-learn==0.20.0
+scikit-learn==1.5.0
 scipy==1.10.0
 seaborn==0.9.0
 setuptools==65.5.1

From d3f3928dcb80cb9db05e0699f5b0527bf607614a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 11:40:17 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 27/31] Bump idna from 2.7 to 3.7

Bumps [idna](https://github.com/kjd/idna) from 2.7 to 3.7.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/kjd/idna/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/kjd/idna/blob/master/HISTORY.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/kjd/idna/compare/v2.7...v3.7)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: idna
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index ee8d009..c83a46d 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ chardet==3.0.4
 cryptography==42.0.4
 cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
-idna==2.7
+idna==3.7
 inflection==0.3.1
 ipython==8.10.0
 jedi==0.13.2

From e9a498caf9fbdf485242e58c5378096a256e594f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Jul 2024 17:29:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 28/31] Bump setuptools from 65.5.1 to 70.0.0

Bumps [setuptools](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools) from 65.5.1 to 70.0.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/blob/main/NEWS.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/compare/v65.5.1...v70.0.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: setuptools
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index c83a46d..caf00e7 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ requests>=2.20.0
 scikit-learn==1.5.0
 scipy==1.10.0
 seaborn==0.9.0
-setuptools==65.5.1
+setuptools==70.0.0
 six==1.11.0
 statsmodels==0.9.0
 tornado==6.4.1

From 8ea82d59a2fa94fab100469c37cebab57b1ff259 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Aug 2024 16:20:13 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 29/31] Bump keras from 2.2.4 to 2.13.1

Bumps [keras](https://github.com/keras-team/keras) from 2.2.4 to 2.13.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/keras-team/keras/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/keras-team/keras/compare/2.2.4...v2.13.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: keras
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index c83a46d..21914c8 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Keras==2.2.4
+Keras==2.13.1
 Keras-Preprocessing==1.0.5
 PySocks==1.6.8
 Pygments==2.15.0

From 406a19afb38c4338fc9fb9ff73baf8354146c6c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Apr 2025 02:26:44 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 30/31] Bump tornado from 6.4.1 to 6.4.2

Bumps [tornado](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado) from 6.4.1 to 6.4.2.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/blob/v6.4.2/docs/releases.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/compare/v6.4.1...v6.4.2)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: tornado
  dependency-version: 6.4.2
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 126de70..16ba325 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ seaborn==0.9.0
 setuptools==70.0.0
 six==1.11.0
 statsmodels==0.9.0
-tornado==6.4.1
+tornado==6.4.2
 traitlets==4.3.2
 wcwidth==0.1.7
 wheel==0.38.1

From 15d9c864a779fe43de90d2bd2424e6597bbfdd07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Apr 2025 02:26:46 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 31/31] Bump cryptography from 42.0.4 to 44.0.1

Bumps [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography) from 42.0.4 to 44.0.1.
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/blob/main/CHANGELOG.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/compare/42.0.4...44.0.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: cryptography
  dependency-version: 44.0.1
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 requirements.txt | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 126de70..61ddb84 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ beautifulsoup4==4.6.3
 certifi==2023.7.22
 cffi==1.11.5
 chardet==3.0.4
-cryptography==42.0.4
+cryptography==44.0.1
 cycler==0.10.0
 h5py==2.9.0
 idna==3.7