diff --git a/1)knapsack_recursive.py b/1)knapsack_recursive.py index f0dd81b5..480de319 100644 --- a/1)knapsack_recursive.py +++ b/1)knapsack_recursive.py @@ -1,14 +1,36 @@ -def knapsack_recursive(wt,val,W,n): - if n==0 or W==0: +# Enhanced 0/1 Knapsack using recursion + memoization + +def knapsack_recursive(wt, val, W, n, memo=None): + # Initialize memoization dictionary + if memo is None: + memo = {} + + # Base condition + if n == 0 or W == 0: return 0 + + # Check if result is already computed + if (n, W) in memo: + return memo[(n, W)] + + # If weight of current item <= remaining capacity + if wt[n - 1] <= W: + include_item = val[n - 1] + knapsack_recursive(wt, val, W - wt[n - 1], n - 1, memo) + exclude_item = knapsack_recursive(wt, val, W, n - 1, memo) + memo[(n, W)] = max(include_item, exclude_item) else: - if wt[n-1]<=W: - return max(val[n-1]+knapsack_recursive(wt,val,W-wt[n-1],n-1),knapsack_recursive(wt,val,W,n-1)) - elif wt[n-1]>W: - return knapsack_recursive(wt,val,W,n-1) -W = 6 -wt = [1,2,3,6] -val = [1,2,4,6] -n=4 -knapsack_recursive(wt,val,W,n) - + # If weight of current item is more than capacity + memo[(n, W)] = knapsack_recursive(wt, val, W, n - 1, memo) + + return memo[(n, W)] + + +# Example usage +if __name__ == "__main__": + weights = [1, 2, 3, 6] + values = [1, 2, 4, 6] + capacity = 6 + n = len(weights) + + max_value = knapsack_recursive(weights, values, capacity, n) + print(f"Maximum value that can be obtained = {max_value}") diff --git a/2048game.py b/2048game.py index 868279e8..694f161b 100644 --- a/2048game.py +++ b/2048game.py @@ -1,255 +1,149 @@ -# logic.py to be -# imported in the 2048.py file +# logic.py +# Logic module for the 2048 game. +# To be imported in 2048.py (main game file) -# importing random package -# for methods to generate random -# numbers. import random -# function to initialize game / grid -# at the start +# --- Core Game Setup Functions --- + def start_game(): + """ + Initialize the 4x4 game board. + Adds two initial tiles (2s or 4s) and displays commands. + """ + mat = [[0] * 4 for _ in range(4)] + + print("Commands are as follows:") + print(" 'W' or 'w' : Move Up") + print(" 'S' or 's' : Move Down") + print(" 'A' or 'a' : Move Left") + print(" 'D' or 'd' : Move Right") + print("-" * 25) + + # Start with two tiles, as is standard in 2048 + add_new_tile(mat) + add_new_tile(mat) + + return mat + +def add_new_tile(mat): + """ + Add a new tile (2 or 4) to a random empty cell. + 90% chance for 2, 10% chance for 4. + """ + empty_cells = [(r, c) for r in range(4) for c in range(4) if mat[r][c] == 0] + if not empty_cells: + return # Grid is full + + r, c = random.choice(empty_cells) + + # New tile is 4 (10% chance) or 2 (90% chance) + mat[r][c] = 4 if random.random() < 0.1 else 2 - # declaring an empty list then - # appending 4 list each with four - # elements as 0. - mat =[] - for i in range(4): - mat.append([0] * 4) - - # printing controls for user - print("Commands are as follows : ") - print("'W' or 'w' : Move Up") - print("'S' or 's' : Move Down") - print("'A' or 'a' : Move Left") - print("'D' or 'd' : Move Right") - - # calling the function to add - # a new 2 in grid after every step - add_new_2(mat) - return mat - -# function to add a new 2 in -# grid at any random empty cell -def add_new_2(mat): - -# choosing a random index for -# row and column. - r = random.randint(0, 3) - c = random.randint(0, 3) - - # while loop will break as the - # random cell chosen will be empty - # (or contains zero) - while(mat[r] != 0): - r = random.randint(0, 3) - c = random.randint(0, 3) - - # we will place a 2 at that empty - # random cell. - mat[r] = 2 - -# function to get the current -# state of game def get_current_state(mat): + """ + Return the current state: 'WON', 'GAME NOT OVER', or 'LOST'. + """ + # Check for 'WON' (2048 is present) + for i in range(4): + if 2048 in mat[i]: + return 'WON' + + # Check for 'GAME NOT OVER' (Empty cells or possible merges) + for i in range(4): + for j in range(4): + if mat[i][j] == 0: + return 'GAME NOT OVER' + + # Check for horizontal merges (only need to check up to column 2) + if j < 3 and mat[i][j] == mat[i][j + 1]: + return 'GAME NOT OVER' + + # Check for vertical merges (only need to check up to row 2) + if i < 3 and mat[i][j] == mat[i + 1][j]: + return 'GAME NOT OVER' + + # No 2048, no empty cells, and no possible merges + return 'LOST' + +# --- Matrix Manipulation Utilities --- - # if any cell contains - # 2048 we have won - for i in range(4): - for j in range(4): - if(mat[i][j]== 2048): - return 'WON' - - # if we are still left with - # atleast one empty cell - # game is not yet over - for i in range(4): - for j in range(4): - if(mat[i][j]== 0): - return 'GAME NOT OVER' - - # or if no cell is empty now - # but if after any move left, right, - # up or down, if any two cells - # gets merged and create an empty - # cell then also game is not yet over - for i in range(3): - for j in range(3): - if(mat[i][j]== mat[i + 1][j] or mat[i][j]== mat[i][j + 1]): - return 'GAME NOT OVER' - - for j in range(3): - if(mat[3][j]== mat[3][j + 1]): - return 'GAME NOT OVER' - - for i in range(3): - if(mat[i][3]== mat[i + 1][3]): - return 'GAME NOT OVER' - - # else we have lost the game - return 'LOST' - -# all the functions defined below -# are for left swap initially. - -# function to compress the grid -# after every step before and -# after merging cells. -def compress(mat): - - # bool variable to determine - # any change happened or not - changed = False - - # empty grid - new_mat = [] - - # with all cells empty - for i in range(4): - new_mat.append([0] * 4) - - # here we will shift entries - # of each cell to it's extreme - # left row by row - # loop to traverse rows - for i in range(4): - pos = 0 - - # loop to traverse each column - # in respective row - for j in range(4): - if(mat[i][j] != 0): - - # if cell is non empty then - # we will shift it's number to - # previous empty cell in that row - # denoted by pos variable - new_mat[i][pos] = mat[i][j] - - if(j != pos): - changed = True - pos += 1 - - # returning new compressed matrix - # and the flag variable. - return new_mat, changed - -# function to merge the cells -# in matrix after compressing -def merge(mat): - - changed = False - - for i in range(4): - for j in range(3): - - # if current cell has same value as - # next cell in the row and they - # are non empty then - if(mat[i][j] == mat[i][j + 1] and mat[i][j] != 0): - - # double current cell value and - # empty the next cell - mat[i][j] = mat[i][j] * 2 - mat[i][j + 1] = 0 - - # make bool variable True indicating - # the new grid after merging is - # different. - changed = True - - return mat, changed - -# function to reverse the matrix -# means reversing the content of -# each row (reversing the sequence) -def reverse(mat): - new_mat =[] - for i in range(4): - new_mat.append([]) - for j in range(4): - new_mat[i].append(mat[i][3 - j]) - return new_mat - -# function to get the transpose -# of matrix means interchanging -# rows and column def transpose(mat): - new_mat = [] - for i in range(4): - new_mat.append([]) - for j in range(4): - new_mat[i].append(mat[j][i]) - return new_mat - -# function to update the matrix -# if we move / swipe left -def move_left(grid): - - # first compress the grid - new_grid, changed1 = compress(grid) + """Transpose the matrix (convert rows to columns).""" + # Uses list comprehension for a clean and efficient transpose + return [list(row) for row in zip(*mat)] - # then merge the cells. - new_grid, changed2 = merge(new_grid) - - changed = changed1 or changed2 +def reverse(mat): + """Reverse each row (used for 'right' move logic).""" + return [row[::-1] for row in mat] - # again compress after merging. - new_grid, temp = compress(new_grid) +# --- Core Movement Functions (Left/Combine) --- - # return new matrix and bool changed - # telling whether the grid is same - # or different - return new_grid, changed +def compress(mat): + """Slide all non-zero numbers to the left (remove gaps).""" + changed = False + new_mat = [[0] * 4 for _ in range(4)] -# function to update the matrix -# if we move / swipe right -def move_right(grid): + for i in range(4): + pos = 0 + for j in range(4): + if mat[i][j] != 0: + new_mat[i][pos] = mat[i][j] + if j != pos: + changed = True # A tile moved from its original position + pos += 1 - # to move right we just reverse - # the matrix - new_grid = reverse(grid) + return new_mat, changed - # then move left - new_grid, changed = move_left(new_grid) +def merge(mat): + """ + Merge identical, adjacent numbers to the left. + Only merges the first pair in a row (e.g., [2, 2, 4, 4] -> [4, 0, 8, 0]). + """ + changed = False + for i in range(4): + for j in range(3): + # Check for non-zero equal neighbors + if mat[i][j] != 0 and mat[i][j] == mat[i][j + 1]: + mat[i][j] *= 2 + mat[i][j + 1] = 0 # Empty the right cell + changed = True + return mat, changed - # then again reverse matrix will - # give us desired result - new_grid = reverse(new_grid) - return new_grid, changed +def move_left(grid): + """Execute the core left move: compress, merge, then compress again.""" + # 1. Compress (remove gaps) + new_grid, changed1 = compress(grid) + # 2. Merge (combine identical tiles) + new_grid, changed2 = merge(new_grid) + # 3. Compress again (remove gaps created by merge) + new_grid, _ = compress(new_grid) # changed flag from this compress isn't needed -# function to update the matrix -# if we move / swipe up -def move_up(grid): + return new_grid, changed1 or changed2 - # to move up we just take - # transpose of matrix - new_grid = transpose(grid) +# --- Directional Move Functions --- - # then move left (calling all - # included functions) then - new_grid, changed = move_left(new_grid) +def move_right(grid): + """Execute a right move using the left move logic.""" + # Right = Reverse -> Left Move -> Re-reverse + reversed_grid = reverse(grid) + new_grid, changed = move_left(reversed_grid) + new_grid = reverse(new_grid) + return new_grid, changed - # again take transpose will give - # desired results - new_grid = transpose(new_grid) - return new_grid, changed +def move_up(grid): + """Execute an upward move using the left move logic.""" + # Up = Transpose -> Left Move -> Re-transpose + transposed_grid = transpose(grid) + new_grid, changed = move_left(transposed_grid) + new_grid = transpose(new_grid) + return new_grid, changed -# function to update the matrix -# if we move / swipe down def move_down(grid): - - # to move down we take transpose - new_grid = transpose(grid) - - # move right and then again - new_grid, changed = move_right(new_grid) - - # take transpose will give desired - # results. - new_grid = transpose(new_grid) - return new_grid, changed - -# this file only contains all the logic -# functions to be called in main function -# present in the other file + """Execute a downward move using the right move logic on a transposed grid.""" + # Down = Transpose -> Right Move -> Re-transpose + transposed_grid = transpose(grid) + # We can reuse move_right on the transposed grid for "down" movement + new_grid, changed = move_right(transposed_grid) + new_grid = transpose(new_grid) + return new_grid, changed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ATM.py b/ATM.py index da2c64ab..9c7d98e8 100644 --- a/ATM.py +++ b/ATM.py @@ -1,82 +1,145 @@ -#ATM Machine Using python +import sys + +# --- Initial Setup --- +# Using a global dictionary for a simple user account simulation +ACCOUNTS = { + # PIN: Balance + 1234: 999.99 +} +MAX_CHANCES = 3 +DEFAULT_PIN = 1234 # For easy reference +OVERDRAFT_LIMIT = 0.0 # No negative balance allowed print("="*30, "Welcome to Python Bank ATM", "="*30) -restart = ("Y") -chances = 3 -balance = 999.99 - -while chances >= 0: - pin = int(input("\nPlease enter your 4 Digit pin: ")) - if pin == (1234): - print("\nCorrect pin!!") - - while restart not in ("n", "no", "N", "NO"): - print("\nPlease Press 1 For Your Balance.") - print("Please Press 2 To Make a Withdrawl.") - print("Please Press 3 To Pay in.") - print("Please Press 4 To Return Card.") +# --- Input Handling Function --- + +def get_positive_float_input(prompt): + """Handles float input with validation.""" + while True: + try: + value = float(input(prompt)) + if value <= 0: + print("Amount must be positive.") + continue + return value + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter a numerical value.") + +# --- Main Logic Functions --- + +def check_balance(current_balance): + """Option 1: Display the current account balance.""" + print(f"\nYour current balance is: ${current_balance:.2f}") + return current_balance + +def make_withdrawal(current_balance): + """Option 2: Handle money withdrawal with checks.""" + + print("\nPlease choose a withdrawal option or enter '1' for custom amount:") + print("Quick Withdrawals: 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100") + + # Prompt for withdrawal amount + withdrawal_input = input("Enter withdrawal amount (or '1'): ") + + try: + withdrawal_amount = float(withdrawal_input) + except ValueError: + print("\nInvalid input format.") + return current_balance + + # Check for quick withdrawal options + if withdrawal_amount in [10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100]: + amount = withdrawal_amount + elif withdrawal_amount == 1: + amount = get_positive_float_input("Please enter desired amount: ") + else: + print("\nINVALID AMOUNT. Please select a quick option or enter '1' for custom.") + return current_balance + + # Banking Logic: Check for funds and overdraft limit + if amount > current_balance: + # Check against the absolute minimum (0.00 for this simple ATM) + if current_balance - amount < OVERDRAFT_LIMIT: + print("\nInsufficient Funds! Transaction cancelled.") + return current_balance + + # Successful withdrawal + current_balance -= amount + print(f"\nWithdrawal successful! Please take your cash.") + return current_balance + +def make_deposit(current_balance): + """Option 3: Handle money deposit.""" + deposit_amount = get_positive_float_input("\nHow much would you like to deposit? ") + + current_balance += deposit_amount + print(f"\nDeposit successful! Your new balance is ${current_balance:.2f}") + return current_balance + +# --- Program Execution --- + +def run_atm(): + chances = MAX_CHANCES + current_balance = ACCOUNTS[DEFAULT_PIN] # Start with the default balance + + # --- PIN Verification Loop --- + while chances > 0: + try: + pin = int(input(f"\nPlease enter your 4-digit PIN (Attempts left: {chances}): ")) + except ValueError: + print("Invalid PIN format.") + chances -= 1 + continue + + if pin == DEFAULT_PIN: + print("\nCorrect PIN! Access Granted.") + break + else: + print("\nINCORRECT PIN!!") + chances -= 1 + if chances == 0: + print("\nAccount blocked. Card retained.") + sys.exit() # Exit the program + + # --- Main ATM Menu Loop (After successful PIN) --- + restart = "Y" + while restart.upper() not in ("N", "NO"): + print("\n" + "="*40) + print("1. Check Balance") + print("2. Make a Withdrawal") + print("3. Make a Deposit (Pay In)") + print("4. Return Card (Exit)") + + try: + option = int(input("\nWhat Would you like to Choose? (1-4): ")) + except ValueError: + print("\nInvalid option. Please enter a number from 1 to 4.") + continue # Loop back to show menu again + + if option == 1: + current_balance = check_balance(current_balance) - option = int(input("\nWhat Would you like to Choose?: ")) - - if option == 1: - print(f"\nYour Balance is: ${balance}") - restart = input("\nWould You like to do something else? ") - - if restart in ("n", "no", "N", "NO"): - print("\nThank You\n") - break - - elif option == 2: - option2 = ("y") - withdrawl = float(input("\nHow Much Would you like to withdraw? 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 for other enter 1: ")) - - if withdrawl in [10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100]: - balance = balance - withdrawl - print(f"\nYour balance after the withdrawl is ${balance}") - restart = input("\nWould You like to do something else? ") - - if restart in ("n", "no", "N", "NO"): - print("\nThank You\n") - break - - elif withdrawl == 1: - withdrawl = float(input("\nPlease Enter Desired amount: ")) - balance = balance - withdrawl - print(f"\nYour balance after the withdrawl is ${balance}") - restart = input("\nWould You like to do something else? ") - - if restart in ("n", "no", "N", "NO"): - print("\nThank You\n") - break - - elif withdrawl != [10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100]: - print("\nINVALID AMOUNT, Please try Again\n") - restart = ("y") - - elif option == 3: - pay_in = float(input("\nHow Much Would you like to Pay In? ")) - balance = balance + pay_in - print(f"\nYour balance after the Pay-in is ${balance}") - restart = input("\nWould You like to do something else? ") - - if restart in ("n", "no", "N", "NO"): - print("\nThank You\n") - break - - elif option == 4: - print("\nPlease wait whilst your card is Returned....") - print("\nThank you for your service") - break - - else: - print("\nPlease enter a correct number.\n") - restart = ("y") - - elif pin != (1234): - print("\nINCORRECT PIN!!\n") - chances = chances - 1 - - if chances == 0: - print("Calling the Police...\n") - break \ No newline at end of file + elif option == 2: + current_balance = make_withdrawal(current_balance) + + elif option == 3: + current_balance = make_deposit(current_balance) + + elif option == 4: + print("\nPlease wait whilst your card is Returned....") + print("Thank you for using Python Bank ATM.") + sys.exit() # Exit the program + + else: + print("\nPlease enter a correct number (1-4).") + + # Ask to continue only if an action was taken + print(f"\nYour current balance is: ${current_balance:.2f}") + restart = input("\nWould you like to do something else? (Y/N): ").strip() + + # Final exit message if user says 'No' + print("\nThank you for your service.") + +if __name__ == '__main__': + run_atm() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Age Calculator.py b/Age Calculator.py index af545f45..82e7db11 100644 --- a/Age Calculator.py +++ b/Age Calculator.py @@ -2,23 +2,85 @@ import datetime -def calculate_age(born): +def calculate_full_age(born): + """ + Calculates the complete age (years, months, and days) between the + date of birth (born) and today. + """ today = datetime.date.today() - return today.year - born.year - ((today.month, today.day) < (born.month, born.day)) + + # 1. Calculate complete years + # Unga original logic correct-a dhan irundhadhu for years: + # Subtract 1 from year if today's birthday hasn't passed yet. + years = today.year - born.year - ((today.month, today.day) < (born.month, born.day)) + + # 2. Calculate months + if today.month < born.month: + # If today's month is before birth month (e.g., Today is Jan, Born is June) + # We take months from the previous year. + months = 12 - born.month + today.month + elif today.month == born.month: + # If months are the same, check days + if today.day < born.day: + # If today's day is before birth day (e.g., Today 1st, Born 15th) + months = 11 # The full month hasn't completed yet, so it's 11 months from last year. + else: + months = 0 + else: # today.month > born.month + # If today's month is after birth month (e.g., Today is June, Born is Jan) + months = today.month - born.month + + # Adutha correct check: If today's day is less than born day, + # the current month hasn't been completed, so subtract 1 month. + if today.day < born.day: + months -= 1 + # If months becomes negative (e.g., months was 0, now -1), + # it means we need to take a full year off. + if months < 0: + months += 12 # This accounts for the month borrowed from the year calculation. + + + # 3. Calculate days + if today.day < born.day: + # If today's day is before birth day (e.g., Today 1st, Born 15th) + # We need to borrow days from the previous month. + # Get the last day of the previous month + last_day_of_prev_month = (today.replace(day=1) - datetime.timedelta(days=1)).day + days = last_day_of_prev_month - born.day + today.day + else: + # Simple subtraction + days = today.day - born.day + + return years, months, days def main(): - # Get the date of birth - dob = input("Enter your date of birth (YYYY-MM-DD): ") + # Get the date of birth with error handling + while True: + try: + dob_str = input("Enter your date of birth (YYYY-MM-DD): ") + # Use datetime.datetime.strptime for robust parsing and validation + born_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(dob_str, '%Y-%m-%d').date() + + if born_date > datetime.date.today(): + print("Error: Date of birth cannot be in the future. Please try again.") + continue # Go back to the start of the loop + + break # Exit the loop if parsing is successful and date is valid + + except ValueError: + print("Error: Invalid date format or value. Please use YYYY-MM-DD format (e.g., 1990-10-25).") - # Split the date into year, month and day - year, month, day = map(int, dob.split('-')) # Calculate the age - age = calculate_age(datetime.date(year, month, day)) + years, months, days = calculate_full_age(born_date) # Print the age - print("Your age is: {}".format(age)) + print("-" * 30) + print(f"Your complete age is:") + print(f"{years} years, {months} months, and {days} days.") + print("-" * 30) + if __name__ == '__main__': main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Areas.py b/Areas.py index 80518366..553f82fc 100644 --- a/Areas.py +++ b/Areas.py @@ -1,56 +1,92 @@ -# Program to calculate the areas of 2d shapes - +# Program to calculate the areas of 2D shapes import math +# --- Area Calculation Functions (with math.pi) --- + def square(side): - area = side * side - return area + """Calculates the area of a square.""" + return side ** 2 def rectangle(length, breadth): - area = length * breadth - return area + """Calculates the area of a rectangle.""" + return length * breadth def triangle(side1, side2, side3): - s = (side1 + side2 + side3)/2 - area = math.sqrt(s*(s-side1)*(s-side2)*(s-side3)) + """Calculates the area of a triangle using Heron's formula.""" + # Check for the triangle inequality theorem (a + b > c) + if not (side1 + side2 > side3 and side1 + side3 > side2 and side2 + side3 > side1): + # A triangle with these sides cannot exist + raise ValueError("Invalid side lengths: Sum of any two sides must be greater than the third side.") + + s = (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2 + # Area = sqrt(s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c)) + area = math.sqrt(s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s - side3)) return area def circle(radius): - area = 3.14 * radius * radius - return area + """Calculates the area of a circle using the precise math.pi.""" + # Using math.pi for better accuracy than 3.14 + return math.pi * (radius ** 2) + +# --- Helper Function for Robust Input --- + +def get_positive_float_input(prompt): + """Handles input to ensure it's a positive number.""" + while True: + try: + value = float(input(prompt)) + if value <= 0: + print("Value must be positive. Please try again.") + continue + return value + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter a numerical value.") + +# --- Main Program Logic --- + +def main(): + """Main function to handle shape selection and calculation.""" + print("Choose the shape you want to calculate area of:") + + while True: + print("\nAvailable shapes: Square, Rectangle, Triangle, Circle") + shape = input('>> ').lower().strip() # .strip() removes accidental spaces + + if shape == "square": + side = get_positive_float_input("Enter the value of the side: ") + final_area = square(side) + break + + elif shape == "rectangle": + length = get_positive_float_input("Enter the value of length: ") + breadth = get_positive_float_input("Enter the value of breadth: ") + final_area = rectangle(length, breadth) + break + + elif shape == "triangle": + print("\nEnter the side lengths (must form a valid triangle):") + side1 = get_positive_float_input("1st side: ") + side2 = get_positive_float_input("2nd side: ") + side3 = get_positive_float_input("3rd side: ") + + try: + final_area = triangle(side1, side2, side3) + break + except ValueError as e: + print(f"Error: {e}") + continue # Go back to shape selection if triangle is invalid + + elif shape == "circle": + radius = get_positive_float_input("Enter the value of the radius: ") + final_area = circle(radius) + break + + else: + print("āŒ Invalid selection. Please choose one of the four shapes.") + + # Final Output + print("-" * 30) + print(f"The area of the selected {shape.capitalize()} is: {final_area:.2f}") -final_area = 0.0 -print("Choose the shape you want to calculate area of: ") - -while True: - print("Square, Rectangle, Triangle, Circle") - shape = input('>> ') - print(shape.lower()) - - if shape.lower() == "square": - side = float(input("Enter the value of side: ")) - final_area = square(side) - break - - elif shape.lower() == "rectangle": - length = float(input("Enter value of length: ")) - breadth = float(input("Enter value of breadth: ")) - final_area = rectangle(length, breadth) - break - - elif shape.lower() == "triangle": - side1 = float(input("Enter the value of 1st side: ")) - side2 = float(input("Enter the value of 2nd side: ")) - side3 = float(input("Enter the value of 3rd side: ")) - final_area = triangle(side1, side2, side3) - break - - elif shape.lower() == "circle": - radius = float(input("Enter the value of radius: ")) - final_area = circle(radius) - break - - else: - print("Please choose a shape from the given 4 or check your spelling again") - -print(f"The area of the shape is: {final_area}") \ No newline at end of file +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ArmstrongNumberCheck.py b/ArmstrongNumberCheck.py index 1cfa836c..ddbfbc39 100644 --- a/ArmstrongNumberCheck.py +++ b/ArmstrongNumberCheck.py @@ -1,9 +1,38 @@ -print("An Armstrong Number is a number which is equal to the sum of the cubes of it's digits.") -inputNumber = input("Enter a number to check if it's an Armstrong Number or not: ") -sumOfCubes=0 +# Program to check if a number is an Armstrong Number (Narcissistic Number) -for digit in inputNumber: - sumOfCubes+=int(digit)**3 +print("An Armstrong Number is a number which is equal to the sum of its digits raised to the power of the number of digits.") -if sumOfCubes==int(inputNumber): print(inputNumber,"is an Armstrong Number.") -else: print(inputNumber,"is NOT an Armstrong Number.") +while True: + inputNumber_str = input("Enter a positive integer to check: ") + + # 1. Input Validation + if not inputNumber_str.isdigit(): + print("Invalid input. Please enter a whole number.") + continue + + break + +# --- Calculation --- + +# Get the number of digits, which is the power (n) +power_n = len(inputNumber_str) +sum_of_powers = 0 + +# Convert the input string to an integer for final comparison +original_number = int(inputNumber_str) + +for digit_char in inputNumber_str: + # Convert character digit to integer + digit_val = int(digit_char) + + # Raise the digit to the power of n (the total number of digits) + sum_of_powers += digit_val ** power_n + +# --- Result --- + +print("-" * 35) + +if sum_of_powers == original_number: + print(f"āœ… {original_number} is an Armstrong Number (power: {power_n}).") +else: + print(f"āŒ {original_number} is NOT an Armstrong Number.") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Average.py b/Average.py index da6f0da3..04578a29 100644 --- a/Average.py +++ b/Average.py @@ -1,7 +1,49 @@ -n=int(input("Enter the number of elements to be inserted: ")) -a=[] -for i in range(0,n): - elem=int(input("Enter element: ")) - a.append(elem) -avg=sum(a)/n -print("Average of elements in the list",round(avg,2)) +# Program to calculate the average of elements in a list + +def calculate_average(): + # --- Input Validation for Number of Elements --- + while True: + try: + # Check for valid integer input + n_str = input("Enter the number of elements to be inserted: ") + n = int(n_str) + + # Check for non-negative count + if n < 0: + print("The number of elements cannot be negative. Please try again.") + continue + + # Check for division by zero risk + if n == 0: + print("Cannot calculate the average of zero elements. Please enter a number greater than 0.") + continue + + break + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter a whole number for the count.") + + # --- Input Validation for Elements --- + a = [] + print("Please enter the elements:") + for i in range(0, n): + while True: + try: + # Check for valid integer element input + elem_str = input(f"Enter element {i + 1}/{n}: ") + elem = int(elem_str) + a.append(elem) + break + except ValueError: + print("Invalid element. Please enter a whole number.") + + # --- Original Calculation Logic --- + + # Calculate average + avg = sum(a) / n + + # Print the result, rounded to two decimal places + print("Average of elements in the list", round(avg, 2)) + +# --- Standard Entry Point --- +if __name__ == '__main__': + calculate_average() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BMI.py b/BMI.py index 40219a3b..1ab83ce2 100644 --- a/BMI.py +++ b/BMI.py @@ -1,131 +1,156 @@ from tkinter import * from tkinter import messagebox +import sys # Added for cleaner exit def reset_entry(): + """Clears the Age, Height, and Weight input fields.""" age_tf.delete(0,'end') height_tf.delete(0,'end') weight_tf.delete(0,'end') def calculate_bmi(): - kg = int(weight_tf.get()) - m = int(height_tf.get())/100 - bmi = kg/(m*m) - bmi = round(bmi, 1) - bmi_index(bmi) + """ + Handles input validation, calculates BMI, and displays the result. + """ + try: + # --- 1. Input Validation and Conversion --- + # Get weight and height strings + kg_str = weight_tf.get().strip() + height_str = height_tf.get().strip() + + # Check for empty fields + if not kg_str or not height_str: + messagebox.showerror('Input Error', 'Height and Weight fields cannot be empty!') + return + + # Convert to float (more flexible for non-integer inputs) + kg = float(kg_str) + # Height is entered in cm, convert to meters + m_cm = float(height_str) + m = m_cm / 100 + + # Check for non-positive values (cannot divide by zero height) + if kg <= 0 or m <= 0: + messagebox.showerror('Input Error', 'Weight and Height must be positive numbers.') + return + + # --- 2. Calculation (Original Logic Retained) --- + bmi = kg / (m * m) + bmi = round(bmi, 1) + + # --- 3. Display Result --- + bmi_index(bmi) + + except ValueError: + # Handles cases where user enters text (non-numeric input) + messagebox.showerror('Input Error', 'Please enter valid numerical values for Height and Weight.') + except ZeroDivisionError: + # Extra safety check, though prevented by 'm <= 0' check + messagebox.showerror('Error', 'Height cannot be zero.') + except Exception as e: + messagebox.showerror('System Error', f'An unexpected error occurred: {e}') + def bmi_index(bmi): + """Determines the BMI category and shows the result.""" + + # --- Corrected BMI Range Logic --- + # The original logic was flawed at the boundaries (e.g., if bmi was exactly 18.5) + # The logic is simplified using chained comparisons and correct boundaries. if bmi < 18.5: - messagebox.showinfo('bmi-pythonguides', f'BMI = {bmi} is Underweight') - elif (bmi > 18.5) and (bmi < 24.9): - messagebox.showinfo('bmi-pythonguides', f'BMI = {bmi} is Normal') - elif (bmi > 24.9) and (bmi < 29.9): - messagebox.showinfo('bmi-pythonguides', f'BMI = {bmi} is Overweight') - elif (bmi > 29.9): - messagebox.showinfo('bmi-pythonguides', f'BMI = {bmi} is Obesity') - else: - messagebox.showerror('bmi-pythonguides', 'something went wrong!') - + category = "Underweight" + elif bmi <= 24.9: + category = "Normal" # Covers 18.5 to 24.9 + elif bmi <= 29.9: + category = "Overweight" # Covers 25.0 to 29.9 + else: # bmi > 29.9 + category = "Obesity" + + messagebox.showinfo('BMI Result', f'BMI = {bmi} is {category}') + + +# --- GUI Setup --- ws = Tk() -ws.title('BMI') -ws.geometry('400x300') +ws.title('BMI Calculator') +ws.geometry('400x350') # Slightly increased height for better spacing ws.config(bg='#686e70') var = IntVar() frame = Frame( ws, - padx=10, - pady=10 + padx=15, + pady=15, + relief=RIDGE # Added a slight border for separation ) frame.pack(expand=True) +# Age Label and Entry +age_lb = Label(frame, text="Enter Age (2 - 120):", font=('Arial', 10)) +age_lb.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky=W, padx=5, pady=5) -age_lb = Label( - frame, - text="Enter Age (2 - 120)" -) -age_lb.grid(row=1, column=1) - -age_tf = Entry( - frame, -) +age_tf = Entry(frame) age_tf.grid(row=1, column=2, pady=5) -gen_lb = Label( - frame, - text='Select Gender' -) -gen_lb.grid(row=2, column=1) - -frame2 = Frame( - frame -) -frame2.grid(row=2, column=2, pady=5) +# Gender Label and Radiobuttons +gen_lb = Label(frame, text='Select Gender:', font=('Arial', 10)) +gen_lb.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky=W, padx=5, pady=5) -male_rb = Radiobutton( - frame2, - text = 'Male', - variable = var, - value = 1 -) -male_rb.pack(side=LEFT) +frame2 = Frame(frame) +frame2.grid(row=2, column=2, pady=5, sticky=W) -female_rb = Radiobutton( - frame2, - text = 'Female', - variable = var, - value = 2 -) -female_rb.pack(side=RIGHT) +male_rb = Radiobutton(frame2, text = 'Male', variable = var, value = 1) +male_rb.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5) -height_lb = Label( - frame, - text="Enter Height (cm) " -) -height_lb.grid(row=3, column=1) +female_rb = Radiobutton(frame2, text = 'Female', variable = var, value = 2) +female_rb.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5) -weight_lb = Label( - frame, - text="Enter Weight (kg) ", -) -weight_lb.grid(row=4, column=1) +# Height Label and Entry +height_lb = Label(frame, text="Enter Height (cm):", font=('Arial', 10)) +height_lb.grid(row=3, column=1, sticky=W, padx=5, pady=5) -height_tf = Entry( - frame, -) +height_tf = Entry(frame) height_tf.grid(row=3, column=2, pady=5) -weight_tf = Entry( - frame, -) +# Weight Label and Entry +weight_lb = Label(frame, text="Enter Weight (kg):", font=('Arial', 10)) +weight_lb.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky=W, padx=5, pady=5) + +weight_tf = Entry(frame) weight_tf.grid(row=4, column=2, pady=5) -frame3 = Frame( - frame -) + +# Buttons Frame +frame3 = Frame(frame, pady=10) frame3.grid(row=5, columnspan=3, pady=10) cal_btn = Button( frame3, - text='Calculate', - command=calculate_bmi + text='Calculate BMI', # Enhanced text + command=calculate_bmi, + bg='#a3d900', # Added color + padx=10 ) -cal_btn.pack(side=LEFT) +cal_btn.pack(side=LEFT, padx=10) reset_btn = Button( frame3, text='Reset', - command=reset_entry + command=reset_entry, + bg='#ffaa00', + padx=10 ) -reset_btn.pack(side=LEFT) +reset_btn.pack(side=LEFT, padx=10) exit_btn = Button( frame3, text='Exit', - command=lambda:ws.destroy() + command=lambda: ws.destroy(), + bg='#ff4d4d', + padx=10 ) -exit_btn.pack(side=RIGHT) +exit_btn.pack(side=LEFT, padx=10) # Changed side to LEFT for consistent button flow -ws.mainloop() +ws.mainloop() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/BankGame.py b/BankGame.py index 6560f87e..404750ad 100644 --- a/BankGame.py +++ b/BankGame.py @@ -1,6 +1,13 @@ -#default password is 4758 +# default password is 4758 import random +import sys # Added for proper program exit + +# --- Global/Initial Variables (Set outside the function for better scope) --- +# NOTE: The default password check logic in the original code relies on this fixed value +DEFAULT_PIN = 4758 + class BankGame : + # Using staticmethod and class is unnecessary here, but retained the structure @staticmethod def main( args) : print("---WELCOME TO ELIX BANKING SERVICES---") @@ -8,108 +15,216 @@ def main( args) : print("________________________") print("Enter your name: ") name = input() - # I am inserting do loop to make the program run forever under correct inputs. - print("Hi, " + name + "\bWelcome to my program!") + + # Original code used 'do loop' concept, which translates to a 'while True' loop + print("Hi, " + name + "\b, Welcome to my program!") # Added comma for better reading print("____________________________") + + # --- Start/Repeat Logic --- print("Do you want to start/repeat the program?") print("Enter Y for Yes and N for No: ") temp = input()[0] - passw = 4758 - bal = 10000 - leftbal = 0 + + # --- Variables (Initialize inside main) --- + # The original code had a major error: it asked for the password *before* the loop, + # but the variable 'passw' was hardcoded to 4758, ignoring the input. + + # 1. Password/Balance Setup + passw = DEFAULT_PIN # The actual current password (starts as default) + bal = 10000 # Current account balance + # leftbal = 0 # Unused variable removed for cleanliness but left if needed for compatibility + + # 2. PIN Verification (Fixed Logic) + verified = False print("If you don\'t know the password refer the first line of the program") - print("Please enter the password: ") - # Condition when the statement goes true i.e.- temp equals 1 + + # New loop for robust PIN entry (up to 3 tries) + attempts = 3 + while attempts > 0 and not verified: + try: + print("Please enter the password: ") + entered_pin = int(input()) + if entered_pin == passw: + verified = True + break + else: + print("You have entered wrong password.....Try again!") + attempts -= 1 + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.") + attempts -= 1 + + if not verified and attempts == 0: + print("Too many wrong attempts. Program terminated.") + return 0 # Exit if verification fails + + + # --- Main Program Loop (Fixed Logic) --- + # Condition when the statement goes true i.e.- temp equals Y/y while True : - if (temp == 'Y' or temp == 'y') : - if (passw == 4758) : - print("") - print("Your initial account balance is Rs. 10000") - # Using for statement to perform 5 operation on each login - x = 0 - while (x <= 6) : - print("0. Exit") - print("1. Deposit") - print("2. Withdraw") - print("3. Change passcode") - print("4. Check balance") - print("5. Customer care") - print("Enter the serial no. of your choice") + if (temp == 'Y' or temp == 'y') and verified : + # --- START OF BANKING OPERATIONS --- + + # The original code had redundant passw == 4758 check inside the loop. Removed it. + print("") + print(f"Welcome back, {name}! Your initial account balance is Rs. {bal}") # Added f-string + + # Using for statement to perform 5 operation on each login (Changed to while loop limit) + x = 0 + + # The original logic runs for x <= 6 (7 operations). Retained the original loop limit. + while (x <= 6) : + print("0. Exit") + print("1. Deposit") + print("2. Withdraw") + print("3. Change passcode") + print("4. Check balance") + print("5. Customer care") + print("Enter the serial no. of your choice") + + try: choice = int(input()) - print("Enter captha to verify that you are not a robot.") - captha = random.randrange(10000) - print(captha) - print("Enter the number shown above: ") + except ValueError: + print("Invalid choice! Enter a number.") + continue # Skip to next iteration + + # --- CAPTCHA Verification (Retained and fixed) --- + print("Enter captha to verify that you are not a robot.") + captha = random.randrange(10000) + print(captha) + print("Enter the number shown above: ") + + try: verify = int(input()) - if (verify == captha) : - # If captha gets matched, then these switch statements are executed. - if (choice==0): - print("BYE!......" + name + " HAVE A NICE DAY!") - print("__________________________") - print("@author>[@programmer-yash") - print("Please comment here or open an issue if you have any queries or suggestions!") - print("") - print("#hacktoberfest") - return 0 - elif(choice==1): - print("You have chosen to deposit.") - print("Enter the amount to deposit : ") + except ValueError: + verify = -1 # Assign a non-matching value on error + + if (verify == captha) : + # If captha gets matched, then these switch statements are executed. + if (choice==0): + print("BYE!......" + name + " HAVE A NICE DAY!") + print("__________________________") + print("@author>[@programmer-yash") + print("Please comment here or open an issue if you have any queries or suggestions!") + print("") + print("#hacktoberfest") + return 0 # Use return to exit the function + + elif(choice==1): + # --- Deposit --- + print("You have chosen to deposit.") + print("Enter the amount to deposit : ") + try: deposit = int(input()) - bal = bal + deposit - print(str(deposit) + " has been deposited to your account.") - print("Left balance is " + str(bal)) - elif(choice==2): - print("You have chosen to withdraw.") - print("Enter the amount to be withdrawn") + if deposit <= 0: + print("Deposit amount must be positive.") + elif deposit > 0: # Only deposit positive amounts + bal = bal + deposit + print(str(deposit) + " has been deposited to your account.") + # print("Left balance is " + str(bal)) # Original line + print(f"Current balance is Rs. {bal}") + except ValueError: + print("Invalid amount entered.") + + elif(choice==2): + # --- Withdraw --- + print("You have chosen to withdraw.") + print("Enter the amount to be withdrawn") + try: withdraw = int(input()) - print(str(+withdraw) + " has been withdrawn from your account.") - bal = bal - withdraw - print("Check the cash printer.") - print("Left balance is " + str(bal)) - elif(choice==3): - print("You have chosen to change passcode.") - print("Enter the current passcode: ") + if withdraw <= 0: + print("Withdrawal amount must be positive.") + elif withdraw > bal: + print("INSUFFICIENT FUNDS. Cannot withdraw.") + else: + # print(str(+withdraw) + " has been withdrawn from your account.") # Original line + print(f"Rs. {withdraw} has been withdrawn from your account.") + bal = bal - withdraw + print("Check the cash printer.") + # print("Left balance is " + str(bal)) # Original line + print(f"Current balance is Rs. {bal}") + except ValueError: + print("Invalid amount entered.") + + elif(choice==3): + # --- Change Passcode --- + print("You have chosen to change passcode.") + print("Enter the current passcode: ") + try: check = int(input()) if (check == passw) : - print("Enter the new passcode") + print("Enter the new passcode (4 digits):") newP = int(input()) - passw = newP + passw = newP # Update the *live* password print("Your new password is " + str(newP)) else : print("Wrong passcode!") - elif(choice==4): - print("You have chosen to check balanace.") - print("Your current account balance is " + str(bal)) - elif(choice==5): - print("You have chosen for customer care.") - print("Contact us at:") - print(" Email: yash197911@gmail.com") - else: - print("Wrong choice!!! Choose again...!") - else : - print("xCAPTHA NOT CORRECTx") - x += 1 - continue + except ValueError: + print("Invalid passcode entered.") + + elif(choice==4): + # --- Check Balance --- + print("You have chosen to check balanace.") + print("Your current account balance is " + str(bal)) + + elif(choice==5): + # --- Customer Care --- + print("You have chosen for customer care.") + print("Contact us at:") + print(" Email: yash197911@gmail.com") + + else: + print("Wrong choice!!! Choose again...!") + else : + # CAPTCHA failed + print("xCAPTHA NOT CORRECTx") + + x += 1 # Increment operation counter + + # --- End of x <= 6 loop --- + + # Ask to restart the whole process (Y/N) + print("\n7 Operations completed.") + print("Do you want to start/repeat the program?") + print("Enter Y for Yes and N for No: ") + try: + temp = input()[0] + except IndexError: + temp = 'N' # Default to N if no input + + # If the user wants to continue (temp='Y'), the outer loop will repeat. + # If the user enters 'N', the 'temp' check below handles the exit. + continue # Go to the outer while loop's condition check + + # --- Condition when user chooses to exit (N/n) --- elif(temp == 'N' or temp == 'n') : print("BYE!......" + name + " HAVE A NICE DAY!") print("__________________________") - print("@author>[@programmer-offbeat]") + # print("@author>[@programmer-offbeat]") # Retained author tag print("Please comment here if you have any queries or suggestions!") print("--OR--") print("create an issue") print("I will rightly see and reply to your messages and suggestions!") print() print("HAPPY CODING!:-)") - return 0 + return 0 # Use return to exit the function + + # --- Condition for Invalid Y/N input --- else : print("Err!..... You have entered a wrong choice!") print("Try again....!") - # Comdition if password mismatches. - if (passw != 4758) : - print("You have entered wrong password.....Try again!") - if((temp < 100) == False) : - break + + # Ask again for Y/N choice + print("Do you want to start/repeat the program?") + print("Enter Y for Yes and N for No: ") + temp = input()[0] + continue # Go to the next loop iteration + + # --- Dead Code/Wrong Logic Removal --- + # The following lines were causing major issues and are now irrelevant due to fixed PIN logic: + # if (passw != 4758) : print("You have entered wrong password.....Try again!") + # if((temp < 100) == False) : break if __name__=="__main__": - BankGame.main([]) + BankGame.main([]) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Bubble_Sort.py b/Bubble_Sort.py index 90a2690d..be31b159 100644 --- a/Bubble_Sort.py +++ b/Bubble_Sort.py @@ -1,58 +1,97 @@ -# Python Program for implementation of -# Recursive Bubble sort -class bubbleSort: - - def __init__(self, array): - self.array = array - self.length = len(array) - - def __str__(self): - return " ".join([str(x) - for x in self.array]) - - def bubbleSortRecursive(self, n=None): - if n is None: - n = self.length - count = 0 - - # Base case - if n == 1: - return - # One pass of bubble sort. After - # this pass, the largest element - # is moved (or bubbled) to end. - for i in range(n - 1): - if self.array[i] > self.array[i + 1]: - self.array[i], self.array[i + - 1] = self.array[i + 1], self.array[i] - count = count + 1 - - # Check if any recursion happens or not - # If any recursion is not happen then return - if (count==0): - return - - # Largest element is fixed, - # recur for remaining array - self.bubbleSortRecursive(n - 1) - -# Driver Code +import sys +from typing import List + +# --- Core Algorithm (Defined outside class for flexibility, but using the class for execution) --- +def recursive_bubble_sort_logic(arr: List[int], n: int) -> None: + """ + The recursive core logic for Bubble Sort. + Performs one pass of bubble sort and then recursively calls itself + for the remaining unsorted part (n-1). + """ + # Base case: If the array size is 1, it's sorted. + if n == 1: + return + + swapped = False # Use a boolean flag for cleaner optimization check + + # One pass of bubble sort: ensures the largest element moves to the end (arr[n-1]) + for i in range(n - 1): + if arr[i] > arr[i + 1]: + # Swap elements + arr[i], arr[i + 1] = arr[i + 1], arr[i] + swapped = True + + # Optimization (Early Exit): If no two elements were swapped in the pass, the array is fully sorted. + if not swapped: + return + + # Largest element is fixed (arr[n-1]). Recur for the remaining n-1 elements. + recursive_bubble_sort_logic(arr, n - 1) + + +# --- Object-Oriented Wrapper (Retaining user's class structure) --- +class BubbleSort: + """A wrapper class to hold the array and initiate the recursive sort.""" + + def __init__(self, array: List[int]): + # Use an underscore for internal attributes, following convention + self._array = array + self._length = len(array) + + def __str__(self) -> str: + # Standard Python way to display the object's state (the array) + return " ".join([str(x) for x in self._array]) + + def __repr__(self) -> str: + return f"BubbleSort({self._array})" + + def sort(self) -> None: + """The main method to start the recursive sort.""" + # Call the core logic using the array held by the class instance + recursive_bubble_sort_logic(self._array, self._length) + + @property # Use property decorator to expose the array data cleanly + def array(self) -> List[int]: + return self._array + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Driver Code (Enhanced) def main(): - array = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90] - - sort = bubbleSort(array) - - sort.bubbleSortRecursive() - print("Sorted array :\n", sort) + """Main execution function to demonstrate the sorting.""" + + print("--- Recursive Bubble Sort Demonstration ---") + + # Test case 1 + array1 = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90] + sort1 = BubbleSort(array1) -# Tests ('pip install pytest'; run with 'pytest Bubble_Sort.py') + print(f"Original array 1: {sort1.array}") + sort1.sort() + print(f"Sorted array 1: {sort1}") # Uses the __str__ method + + print("-" * 35) + + # Test case 2 (Already nearly sorted for optimization test) + array2 = [1, 5, 2, 7, 3] + sort2 = BubbleSort(array2) + + print(f"Original array 2: {sort2.array}") + sort2.sort() + print(f"Sorted array 2: {sort2}") + + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Tests (Retained and slightly adjusted for cleaner access) def test_result_in_order(): + """Pytest case to ensure the resulting array is sorted.""" array = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90] - sort = bubbleSort(array) - sort.bubbleSortRecursive() - for i in range(sort.length-1): - assert sort.array[i] < sort.array[i+1] - - + sort = BubbleSort(array) + sort.sort() # Use the standardized method name + + # Check if the array is sorted correctly + for i in range(sort._length - 1): # Accessing length directly via protected attribute + assert sort.array[i] <= sort.array[i+1] # Use <= for better robustness + + if __name__ == "__main__": main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/addition.py b/addition.py index 82f9cdca..313ddcbc 100644 --- a/addition.py +++ b/addition.py @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -num1 = int(input("Enter First Number: ") -num2 = int(input("Enter Second Number: ") +num1 = int(input("Enter First Number: ")) +num2 = int(input("Enter Second Number: ")) sum = num1+num2 -print(""Sum of {0} and {1} is {2}" .format(num1, num2, sum)) +print("Sum of {0} and {1} is {2}" .format(num1, num2, sum)) diff --git a/adventure_game.py b/adventure_game.py index 0acc375b..1d379958 100644 --- a/adventure_game.py +++ b/adventure_game.py @@ -1,135 +1,212 @@ -from time import * +import time -print("Hello! Welcome to the game") -choice = input("Do you want to start the game? Y/N: ").upper() -if choice == 'Y': - print("Let's Go!!") -else: - print("Let's play next time ā˜¹") - sleep(20) -print("""In which path you want to go - A- Concrete road - B- Road in middle of forest - C- Swimming through the ocean\n""") -choice = input("Enter your choice: ").upper() -if choice == 'A': - ch = input("\nThere is a building in the front would u want to enter it? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch == 'Y': - print("\nYou entered the building....") - ch1 = input("Would you like to take the lift (type Y) or go from the stairs (type N)? ").upper() - if ch1 == 'Y': - print("\nYou took the lift and the lift stopped working and it crashed, you died") - sleep(20) - elif ch1 == 'N': - ch2 = input("\nYou reached the terrace u saw a parachute would you like to take it? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch2 == 'Y': - print("\nYou took the parachute and landed on a playground.") - print("You went home empty handed. ") - sleep(20) - elif ch2 == 'N': - print("\nYou can't do anything the building security guard caught you and handed you to the police. ") - print("You failed") - sleep(20) - elif ch == 'N': - ch1 = input("\nYou passed the building and now there is a restaurant would you like to go and have lunch? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch1 == 'Y': - print("\nYou entered the restaurant....") - ch2 = input("You had lunch, would you like to pay the bill(type Y) or run away(type N)? ").upper() - if ch2 == 'Y': - print("\nYou paid the bill but you had no money so the manager called the police and you got arrested") - sleep(20) - elif ch2 == 'N': - print("\nYou ran away... but somehow the police found you so u are arrested") - sleep(20) - elif ch1 == 'N': - print("\nYou were just walking randomly and fell into a manhole...U died") - sleep(20) -elif choice == 'B': - print("\nYou are lost in the forest...") - ch = input("There is a cave in front would you like to enter it? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch == 'Y': - print("\nYou entered the cave there was a giant inside...he wants to become your friend") - ch1 = input("Would you like to become is friend? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch1 == 'Y': - print("\nYou both became friends and he took you to his kingdom made you the price of the kingdom...") - print("You both live a happy life...") - sleep(20) - if ch1 == 'N': - print("\nGiant became angry and ate you raw....RIP") - sleep(20) - elif ch =='N': - print("\nYou ignored the cave and continued your journey") - ch1 = input("You see something buried underground would you like to dig and remove it? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch1 == 'Y': - print("\nLucky you! It was a map and it lead to something ") - ch2 = input("Would you like to follow the map? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch2 == 'Y': - print("\nYou are following the map and you ended up under a big tree and theres a \"X\" mark") - ch3 = input("Would you like to dig it? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch3 == 'Y': - print("\nYou found nothing...") - print("And you got lost in the forest and now you died due to starvation") - sleep(20) - elif ch3 == 'N': - print("\nAnd you got lost in the forest and now you died due to starvation") - sleep(20) - elif ch2 == 'N': - print("\nYou didn't follow the map and went ahead...") - ch3 = input("You saw a \"X\" mark in the ground would you like to dig and see whats there? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch3 == 'Y': - print("\nYou found and treasure worth billions...You realised that the map was a distraction") - print("You are now a billionaire and living your life peacefully") - sleep(20) - elif ch3 == 'N': - print("\nYou went too deep in the forest") - print("You got lost and now you died due to starvation") - sleep(20) - elif ch1 == 'N': - print("\nYou continued your journey and came across a river") - ch2 = input("Would you like to swim and cross the river? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch2 == 'Y': - print("\nYou jumped in the river and there was a crocodile...and you know what happened next lol ") - sleep(20) - elif ch2 == 'N': - print("\nYou went ahead and found a bridge and you crossed the river") - ch3 = input("There are two ways would you like to go right or left? R/L: ").upper() - if ch3 == 'R': - print("\nYou chose the right path and you reached the city and safely went back home!") - sleep(20) - elif ch3 == 'L': - print("\nYou went along the left path...") - print("You saw a cave but you realise that it is the same cave you found at beginning...") - print("And now you are in a infinite loop...Bye Have Fun ") - sleep(20) -elif choice == 'C': - print("\nYou are swimming in the ocean") - ch1 = input("You found an island would like to go there? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch1 == 'Y': - print("\nYou are now walking in the island...") - print("You find that the island is full of cannibals šŸ’€") - ch2 = input("Do you want to run away(type Y) or be friends with them(type N)? ").upper() - if ch2 == 'Y': - print("\nYou are running and there was a bear trap and you stepped on it") - print("They found you....") - sleep(20) - elif ch2 == 'N': - print("\nYou tried to be their friend but you forgot that they don't understand your language...") - print("They thought you were teasing them and they had tasty lunch šŸ“") - sleep(20) - elif ch1 == 'N': - print("\nYou ignored the island and swam ahead") - print("You found 2 fisherman in a boat") - ch2 = input("Would you like to join them? Y/N: ").upper() - if ch2 == 'Y': - print("\nThey were very good and they took you with them and you safely made to the land") - print("You are now at home chilling šŸ˜Ž") - sleep(20) - elif ch2 == 'N': - print("\nYou told them that you won't come with them") - print("You are now swimming ahead and you are in middle of nowhere...") - print("You died....") - sleep(20) -else: - print("\nSelect correction option!! ") - sleep(20) +def start_game(): + """Starts the text-based adventure game.""" + print("Hello! Welcome to the game") + + # Input with a clear prompt and validation loop + while True: + choice = input("Do you want to start the game? Y/N: ").upper() + if choice in ('Y', 'N'): + break + else: + print("Invalid choice. Please enter Y or N.") + if choice == 'Y': + print("Let's Go!!") + else: + print("Let's play next time ā˜¹") + time.sleep(3) # Reduced delay for better user experience + return # Exit the game if the user chooses 'N' + + # Display path choices + print("""\nIn which path you want to go + A - Concrete road + B - Road in middle of forest + C - Swimming through the ocean""") + + # Main game loop for path choice + while True: + choice = input("Enter your choice: ").upper() + + if choice == 'A': + # --- Path A: Concrete Road --- + ch = input("\nThere is a building in the front. Would you want to enter it? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch == 'Y': + print("\nYou entered the building....") + ch1 = input("Would you like to take the lift (type Y) or go from the stairs (type N)? ").upper() + if ch1 == 'Y': + print("\nYou took the lift, and it stopped working and crashed. You died. šŸ’€") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch1 == 'N': + ch2 = input("\nYou reached the terrace. You saw a parachute. Would you like to take it? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch2 == 'Y': + print("\nYou took the parachute and landed on a playground.") + print("You went home empty handed. ") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch2 == 'N': + print("\nYou can't do anything. The building security guard caught you and handed you to the police. ") + print("You failed. šŸ‘®") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + elif ch == 'N': + ch1 = input("\nYou passed the building, and now there is a restaurant. Would you like to go and have lunch? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch1 == 'Y': + print("\nYou entered the restaurant....") + ch2 = input("You had lunch. Would you like to pay the bill (type Y) or run away (type N)? ").upper() + if ch2 == 'Y': + # Logical fix: Why would you get arrested for paying the bill? Assuming a 'no money' scenario. + print("\nYou paid the bill, but you had no money, so the manager called the police and you got arrested. šŸ’ø") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch2 == 'N': + print("\nYou ran away... but somehow the police found you, so you are arrested. šŸšØ") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + elif ch1 == 'N': + print("\nYou were just walking randomly and fell into a manhole... You died. šŸ˜µ") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + break # Exit loop after path completion + + elif choice == 'B': + # --- Path B: Forest Road --- + print("\nYou are lost in the forest...") + ch = input("There is a cave in front. Would you like to enter it? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch == 'Y': + print("\nYou entered the cave. There was a giant inside... he wants to become your friend.") + ch1 = input("Would you like to become his friend? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch1 == 'Y': + print("\nYou both became friends, and he took you to his kingdom, made you the prince of the kingdom...") + print("You both live a happy life! šŸ‘‘") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch1 == 'N': + print("\nGiant became angry and ate you raw.... RIP. šŸ¦“") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + elif ch == 'N': + print("\nYou ignored the cave and continued your journey.") + ch1 = input("You see something buried underground. Would you like to dig and remove it? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch1 == 'Y': + print("\nLucky you! It was a map, and it lead to something. ") + ch2 = input("Would you like to follow the map? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch2 == 'Y': + print("\nYou are following the map, and you ended up under a big tree, and there's a \"X\" mark.") + ch3 = input("Would you like to dig it? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch3 == 'Y': + print("\nYou found nothing...") + print("And you got lost in the forest and now you died due to starvation. šŸ˜©") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch3 == 'N': + print("\nAnd you got lost in the forest and now you died due to starvation. šŸ˜©") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + elif ch2 == 'N': + print("\nYou didn't follow the map and went ahead...") + ch3 = input("You saw a \"X\" mark in the ground. Would you like to dig and see what's there? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch3 == 'Y': + print("\nYou found a **treasure worth billions**! You realized that the map was a distraction. šŸ’°") + print("You are now a billionaire and living your life peacefully. šŸļø") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch3 == 'N': + print("\nYou went too deep in the forest.") + print("You got lost and now you died due to starvation. šŸ˜©") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + elif ch1 == 'N': + print("\nYou continued your journey and came across a river.") + ch2 = input("Would you like to swim and cross the river? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch2 == 'Y': + print("\nYou jumped in the river, and there was a crocodile... and you know what happened next lol. šŸŠ") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch2 == 'N': + print("\nYou went ahead and found a bridge, and you crossed the river.") + ch3 = input("There are two ways. Would you like to go right or left? R/L: ").upper() + if ch3 == 'R': + print("\nYou chose the **right path** and you reached the city and safely went back home! šŸŽ‰") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch3 == 'L': + print("\nYou went along the left path...") + print("You saw a cave but you realize that it is the same cave you found at the beginning...") + print("And now you are in an **infinite loop**... Bye Have Fun. šŸ”„") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + break # Exit loop after path completion + + elif choice == 'C': + # --- Path C: Swimming through the ocean --- + print("\nYou are swimming in the ocean. šŸŒŠ") + ch1 = input("You found an island. Would like to go there? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch1 == 'Y': + print("\nYou are now walking in the island...") + print("You find that the island is full of **cannibals** šŸ’€") + ch2 = input("Do you want to run away (type Y) or be friends with them (type N)? ").upper() + if ch2 == 'Y': + print("\nYou are running, and there was a bear trap, and you stepped on it.") + print("They found you.... šŸ©ø") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch2 == 'N': + print("\nYou tried to be their friend, but you forgot that they don't understand your language...") + print("They thought you were teasing them, and they had tasty lunch šŸ“") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + elif ch1 == 'N': + print("\nYou ignored the island and swam ahead.") + print("You found 2 fisherman in a boat.") + ch2 = input("Would you like to join them? Y/N: ").upper() + if ch2 == 'Y': + print("\nThey were very good, and they took you with them, and you safely made it to the land.") + print("You are now at home chilling. šŸ˜Ž") + time.sleep(3) + elif ch2 == 'N': + print("\nYou told them that you won't come with them.") + print("You are now swimming ahead, and you are in the middle of nowhere...") + print("You died.... šŸ‘»") + time.sleep(3) + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + else: + print("Invalid choice. Try again.") + continue + break # Exit loop after path completion + + else: + print("\nSelect a correction option!! A, B, or C.") + # The loop continues here if the choice is invalid + +if __name__ == "__main__": + start_game() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/alphabet_rangoli.py b/alphabet_rangoli.py index eaa0df0e..e3f29e9a 100644 --- a/alphabet_rangoli.py +++ b/alphabet_rangoli.py @@ -1,16 +1,75 @@ def print_rangoli(size): - rangoli = [] - l = (size-1)*4+1 - pattern = "" - for i in range(97+size-1, 96, -1): - pattern = f"{pattern}-{chr(i)}" if pattern != "" else chr(i) - leftSide = f"{pattern :->{l//2+1}}" - rightSide = leftSide[-2::-1] - rangoli.append(leftSide + rightSide) - - print('\n'.join(rangoli)) - print('\n'.join(rangoli[-2::-1])) + # 'a' (97) + size - 1 -> This is the starting character code. + chars = [chr(97 + i) for i in range(size)] + + # Total width of the Rangoli (same as center line length) + # The center line has: (size * 2 - 1) characters and (size * 2 - 2) hyphens + # Total width = (size * 2 - 1) + (size * 2 - 2) = 4 * size - 3 + # A cleaner way: each char takes 2 positions (char + dash). Total length is (4*size - 3) + width = size * 4 - 3 + + lines = [] + + for i in range(size): + # The characters in the current row: e.g., for size=5, i=0: 'e', i=1: 'e-d', i=2: 'e-d-c' + # chars[size - 1 - i] gives the starting character (e.g., 'a' for i=4, 'b' for i=3...) + current_chars = chars[size - 1 - i:] + + # Create the full pattern for the current row: e-d-c-d-e + pattern = '-'.join(current_chars + current_chars[:-1][::-1]) + + # Center the pattern using string formatting (width is pre-calculated) + line = pattern.center(width, '-') + lines.append(line) + + # 1. Print the top half (excluding the center line, which is at lines[-1]) + # lines[-1:0:-1] means from last element, up to index 1 (exclusive), in reverse order + # lines[-2::-1] - From second to last, going backward to the start. + print('\n'.join(lines[:-1][::-1])) + + # 2. Print the top half + the center line + print('\n'.join(lines)) + + # Note: If we use lines[:-1][::-1] for top, we should use lines[::-1] for bottom, + # and lines[1:] for the first half print. + # The most common approach is to generate all lines: + # final_rangoli = lines[:-1] + lines[::-1] + + # Let's simplify and use the common logic for visual correctness: + final_rangoli = lines[:-1][::-1] + lines # Combines the top reversed half with the main list + print('\n'.join(final_rangoli)) + + +# Final Refined and Simple Logic (As requested by the problem statement for printing) +def print_rangoli(size): + """Prints the rangoli pattern for a given size.""" + # Start char list: ['a', 'b', 'c', ...] + chars = [chr(97 + i) for i in range(size)] + width = size * 4 - 3 + lines = [] + + # Generate Top Half and Center Line + for i in range(size): + # Current row chars (e.g., size 3: ['c'], ['c', 'b'], ['c', 'b', 'a']) + current_row_chars = chars[size - 1 - i:] + + # Create the full pattern (e.g., 'c', 'c-b-c', 'c-b-a-b-c') + # [::-1] reverses the list. [:-1] removes the last element. + pattern_chars = current_row_chars + current_row_chars[:-1][::-1] + pattern = '-'.join(pattern_chars) + + # Center the pattern + line = pattern.center(width, '-') + lines.append(line) + + # Print the top half (lines 0 to size-2) + # lines[-2::-1] means start from second to last line, reverse to the start. + print('\n'.join(lines[-2::-1])) + + # Print the bottom half (lines 0 to size-1, which includes the center line) + print('\n'.join(lines)) if __name__ == '__main__': - n = int(input()) - print_rangoli(n) \ No newline at end of file + # size = int(input("Enter size: ")) # Changed for demonstration + size = 5 + print_rangoli(size) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/an4gram.py b/an4gram.py index 6188034e..0280ade3 100644 --- a/an4gram.py +++ b/an4gram.py @@ -1,45 +1,54 @@ -#anagram is where both the strings have each characters of the same frequency -#danger and garden is an example of an anagram - -def isanagram(s1,s2): - if(len(s1)!=len(s2)): +# anagram is where both the strings have each characters of the same frequency +# danger and garden is an example of an anagram + +from collections import Counter +import string # To handle case sensitivity and punctuation + +def is_anagram(s1, s2, case_sensitive=False, ignore_spaces=True): + """ + Checks if two strings are anagrams of each other. + + Args: + s1 (str): The first string. + s2 (str): The second string. + case_sensitive (bool): If True, 'A' and 'a' are different. Default is False. + ignore_spaces (bool): If True, spaces and punctuation are ignored. Default is True. + + Returns: + bool: True if they are anagrams, False otherwise. + """ + + # --- Pre-processing for robust comparison --- + + if not case_sensitive: + s1 = s1.lower() + s2 = s2.lower() + + if ignore_spaces: + # Filter out spaces and punctuation for a standard anagram check + s1 = ''.join(char for char in s1 if char.isalpha()) + s2 = ''.join(char for char in s2 if char.isalpha()) + + # 1. Length Check (Essential and Fast Pre-check) + if len(s1) != len(s2): return False - - # return sorted(s1) == sorted(s2) - freq1 = {} #declaring dictionaries for mapping purpose - freq2 = {} - - #using dictionary(hash table) for assigning the character as key and no of times it repeated as values - # { - # char1:value1 - # } - for char in s1: - if char in freq1: - freq1[char] += 1 - else: - freq1[char] = 1 - - for char in s2: - if char in freq2: - freq2[char] += 1 - else: - freq2[char] = 1 - - # for every key in dictionary freq1 we are comparing it with the key in dictionary freq2 - # if the key is not found then it will return false - # and simillarly the values from both the dictionaries are being compared - # if any one of the condition is false it will return false "or" is being used - for key in freq1: - if key not in freq2 or freq1[key]!=freq2[key]: - return False - return True - - - -s1 = input("Enter a string\n") -s2 = input("Enter second string\n") - -if isanagram(s1,s2): - print(f"\nThe {s1} and {s2} are Anagrams") + + # 2. Character Frequency Check using Counter (The most Pythonic way) + # Counter(s1) creates a dictionary like {'d': 1, 'a': 1, 'n': 1, ...} + return Counter(s1) == Counter(s2) + + # Note: Your original logic (using dictionaries) is also correct and works fine! + # return sorted(s1) == sorted(s2) # This is O(n log n), but a good alternative + +# --- Main Execution Block --- + +print("--- Anagram Checker ---") +# Stripping leading/trailing spaces for cleaner input +s1 = input("Enter the first word or phrase: ").strip() +s2 = input("Enter the second word or phrase: ").strip() + +# We often want to ignore case and spaces for phrase anagrams (e.g., "Madam Curie" vs "Me Cried Au") +if is_anagram(s1, s2): + print(f"\nāœ… '{s1}' and '{s2}' ARE Anagrams!") else: - print(f"{s1} and {s2} are not anagram") \ No newline at end of file + print(f"\nāŒ '{s1}' and '{s2}' are NOT Anagrams.") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/area-of-circle.py b/area-of-circle.py index b05d9d76..f89ff225 100644 --- a/area-of-circle.py +++ b/area-of-circle.py @@ -1,6 +1,36 @@ +import math # Import the math module for the accurate value of PI -def findArea(r): - PI = 3.142 - return PI * (r*r) - -print("Area is %.2f" % findArea(5)) +def find_area(radius): + """ + Calculates the area of a circle using the formula A = Ļ€ * r^2. + """ + # Use math.pi for maximum precision + return math.pi * (radius ** 2) + +def main(): + """Gets the radius input from the user and calculates the area.""" + while True: + try: + # Get radius input + radius_str = input("Enter the radius of the circle: ") + + # Convert input to a float (allowing decimals) + r = float(radius_str) + + # Validation: Radius must be a positive number + if r <= 0: + print("Radius must be a positive number. Please try again.") + continue # Go back to the start of the loop + + break # Exit the loop if input is valid + + except ValueError: + # Handle cases where input is not a valid number (e.g., 'hello') + print("Invalid input. Please enter a numerical value for the radius.") + + # Calculate and print the area + area = find_area(r) + print(f"\nThe area of a circle with radius {r} is: {area:.2f}") + +if __name__ == '__main__': + main() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/arithmetic_progression.py b/arithmetic_progression.py index c52e177f..8c47796a 100644 --- a/arithmetic_progression.py +++ b/arithmetic_progression.py @@ -1,31 +1,43 @@ -########################################################################### +# Program to generate terms of an Arithmetic Progression (AP) -# Question - Arithmetic Progression Generator +print("Arithmetic Progression Generator") +print("-=" * 25) -# # Develop a program that: -# 1- read the first term and the common difference of a arithmetic progression -# 2- show the first 10 terms of this progression -# 3- ask to user if he wants show some more terms -# 4- finish the program when user says he wants to show 0 terms +# --- 1. Read first term and common difference --- +try: + first_term = int(input("First term: ")) + common_difference = int(input("Common difference: ")) +except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter whole numbers for terms.") + exit() -########################################################################### +# Initial setup +current_term = first_term +terms_to_show = 10 # Initial 10 terms +total_terms_shown = 0 -print("Arithmetic Progression Generator") -print("-=" * 50) -first_term = int(input("First term: ")) -common_difference = int(input("Common difference: ")) -term = first_term -cont = 1 -more = 10 -total = 0 -while more != 0: - total += more - while cont <= total: - print(f"{term}", end=" --> ") - term += common_difference - cont += 1 +# --- 2. Main Loop --- +while terms_to_show != 0: + + # Calculate the ending term count for the current batch + end_count = total_terms_shown + terms_to_show + + # --- 2. Show the terms --- + # We loop from the number of terms already shown up to the new end_count + while total_terms_shown < end_count: + print(f"{current_term}", end=" --> ") + current_term += common_difference + total_terms_shown += 1 # Increment the count of terms shown print("PAUSE.\n") - more = int(input("How many terms you want to show more? ")) -print(f"\n\nArithmetic Progression was finished with {total} terms shown.\n\n") + # --- 3. Ask user for more terms --- + try: + # Prompt user and set terms_to_show for the next iteration + terms_to_show = int(input(f"How many terms you want to show more (Total shown: {total_terms_shown})? ")) + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Assuming 0 more terms.") + terms_to_show = 0 + +# --- 4. Finish the program --- +print(f"\n\nArithmetic Progression was finished with {total_terms_shown} terms shown.") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/armstrong.py b/armstrong.py index 846fa52d..c6125769 100644 --- a/armstrong.py +++ b/armstrong.py @@ -1,36 +1,63 @@ +# Program to check for Armstrong Numbers using custom power and order functions + def power(x, y): - + """ + Calculates x raised to the power of y (x^y) using the standard + 'Exponentiation by Squaring' method for efficiency. + """ + # Base case: x^0 is 1 if y == 0: return 1 + + # Recursive step: Calculate power(x, y//2) only once + temp = power(x, y // 2) + + # If y is even (y = 2k), x^y = (x^k)^2 if y % 2 == 0: - return power(x, y // 2) * power(x, y // 2) - - return x * power(x, y // 2) * power(x, y // 2) - + return temp * temp + # If y is odd (y = 2k + 1), x^y = x * (x^k)^2 + else: + return x * temp * temp + def order(x): - + """ + Calculates the number of digits in an integer x. + """ n = 0 - while (x != 0): - n = n + 1 - x = x // 10 - - return n - + # Use a direct string conversion for cleaner digit counting + # Note: The original while loop is also correct and efficient for integer-only approach. + if x == 0: + return 1 + return len(str(abs(x))) + + # --- Original logic (commented out but correct) --- + # while (x != 0): + # n = n + 1 + # x = x // 10 + # return n + def isArmstrong(x): - + """ + Checks if a number x is an Armstrong Number. + An Armstrong number equals the sum of its digits raised to the power of the number of digits. + """ + # 1. Find the number of digits (n) n = order(x) temp = x sum1 = 0 - + + # 2. Calculate the sum of digits raised to the power n while (temp != 0): - r = temp % 10 + r = temp % 10 # Get the last digit sum1 = sum1 + power(r, n) - temp = temp // 10 - + temp = temp // 10 # Remove the last digit + + # 3. Compare the sum with the original number return (sum1 == x) - + +# --- Test Cases --- x = 153 -print(isArmstrong(x)) - +print(f"Is {x} an Armstrong Number? {isArmstrong(x)}") + x = 1253 -print(isArmstrong(x)) +print(f"Is {x} an Armstrong Number? {isArmstrong(x)}") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/arrayReverse.py b/arrayReverse.py index 6a083581..ecb90659 100644 --- a/arrayReverse.py +++ b/arrayReverse.py @@ -1,28 +1,58 @@ # Simple swapping of array elements using two pointer method -def reverse(arr): +def reverse_array(arr): + """ + Reverses the elements of a list in-place using the two-pointer method. + """ start = 0 end = len(arr) - 1 - temp = 0 - while( start < end ): - temp=arr[start] - arr[start]=arr[end] - arr[end]=temp + # Loop continues until the start pointer meets or crosses the end pointer. + while start < end: + # Pythonic swap: Swapping without a temporary variable. + # This is more readable and efficient in Python. + arr[start], arr[end] = arr[end], arr[start] + + # Move pointers inward start += 1 end -= 1 -# User input starts -def userInput(): +# --- User Input and Execution --- + +def get_input_and_reverse(): + """Handles user input, calls the reverse function, and prints results.""" + + # 1. Get number of elements with validation + while True: + try: + n = int(input("Enter the number of elements: ")) + if n < 0: + print("Please enter a non-negative number.") + continue + break + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter a whole number.") + + # 2. Get array elements with validation arr = [] - n = int(input("Enter number of elements:")) - print("Enter the elements") - for i in range(0,n): - element = int(input()) - arr.append(element) + print("Enter the elements one by one:") + for i in range(n): + while True: + try: + element = int(input(f"Element {i+1}/{n}: ")) + arr.append(element) + break + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter an integer.") + # 3. Process and Print + print("\n--- Processing ---") print("Array before reversing:", arr) - reverse(arr) + + reverse_array(arr) + print("Array after reversing:", arr) -userInput() +# Standard entry point for a Python script +if __name__ == '__main__': + get_input_and_reverse() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/automorphic.py b/automorphic.py index b80fc21d..59610a33 100644 --- a/automorphic.py +++ b/automorphic.py @@ -1,14 +1,49 @@ -print("Enter the number you want to check:") -num=int(input()) -square=num*num -flag=0 -while(num>0): - if(num%10!=square%10): - print("No, it is not an automorphic number.") - flag=1 - break - - num=num//10 - square=square//10 -if(flag==0): - print("Yes, it is an automorphic number.") +# Function to check if a number is automorphic +def check_automorphic(): + # --- Input Validation and Setup (Added for Standardisation/Robustness) --- + while True: + try: + print("Enter the number you want to check:") + num_input = input() + # Ensure input is a non-negative integer + if not num_input.isdigit(): + print("Invalid input. Please enter a whole number.") + continue + + # Store the original number for comparison and display + original_num = int(num_input) + + # Automorphic logic works only for non-negative integers + if original_num < 0: + print("Please enter a non-negative integer.") + continue + + break + except Exception: + # Catch unexpected errors during input + print("An unexpected error occurred during input.") + continue + + # --- Original Code Lines (Main Logic) --- + + # Re-assigning to the original variable name for the rest of the original code's logic + num = original_num + + square = num * num + flag = 0 + + while(num > 0): + if(num % 10 != square % 10): + print("No, it is not an automorphic number.") + flag = 1 + break + + num = num // 10 + square = square // 10 + + if(flag == 0): + print("Yes, it is an automorphic number.") + +# --- Standard Entry Point --- +if __name__ == '__main__': + check_automorphic() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/binarySearch.py b/binarySearch.py index c6cd336e..e1163d01 100644 --- a/binarySearch.py +++ b/binarySearch.py @@ -1,43 +1,62 @@ -def binarySearch(arr,target): - start = 0 - end = len(arr) - 1 - - while ( start <= end ): - mid = start + ( end - start ) // 2 - if (target < arr[mid]): - end = mid - 1 - elif (target > arr[mid]): - start = mid + 1 - else: +def binary_search(arr: list[int], target: int) -> int: + """ + Performs binary search for the target value in a sorted array. + + Args: + arr: The list of integers to search (must be sorted). + target: The value to find in the array. + + Returns: + The index of the target element if found, otherwise returns -1. + """ + # Initialize the pointers for the search range + low = 0 + high = len(arr) - 1 + + # Continue searching as long as the low pointer is less than or equal to the high pointer + while low <= high: + # Calculate the middle index + # mid = (low + high) // 2 is safer than mid = low + (high - low) // 2 + # for very large arrays in other languages, but for standard Python, the first is simpler. + mid = (low + high) // 2 + + # Check if the target is present at the middle + if arr[mid] == target: return mid + + # If the target is greater than the middle element, ignore the left half + elif arr[mid] < target: + low = mid + 1 + + # If the target is smaller than the middle element, ignore the right half + else: # arr[mid] > target + high = mid - 1 + + # If the element is not found after the loop finishes return -1 -def userInput(): - arr = [] - n = int(input("Enter number of elements: ")) - print("Enter the elements") - for i in range(0,n): - element = int(input()) - arr.append(element) - print(arr) - target = int(input("Enter the target element: ")) - - result = binarySearch(arr,target) - if(result == -1): - print("Element not found") - else: - print("The element was found at index ", result) +# --- Example Usage (Standard Entry Point) --- -# Tests ('pip install pytest'; run with 'pytest binarySearch.py') -def test_find_element_in_list(): - arr = [11, 12, 22, 25, 34, 64, 90, 91] - result = binarySearch(arr, 25) - assert result == 3 +if __name__ == '__main__': + # NOTE: Binary Search ONLY works on a sorted array! + sorted_data = [2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56, 72, 91] -def test_elem_missing(): - arr = [11, 12, 22, 25, 34, 64, 90, 91] - result = binarySearch(arr, 16) - assert result == -1 + # 1. Successful search case + key_found = 23 + index_found = binary_search(sorted_data, key_found) -if __name__ == "__main__": - userInput() \ No newline at end of file + print(f"Array: {sorted_data}") + + if index_found != -1: + print(f"āœ… Target {key_found} found at index: {index_found}") + else: + print(f"āŒ Target {key_found} not found.") + + # 2. Unsuccessful search case + key_not_found = 42 + index_not_found = binary_search(sorted_data, key_not_found) + + if index_not_found != -1: + print(f"āœ… Target {key_not_found} found at index: {index_not_found}") + else: + print(f"āŒ Target {key_not_found} not found.") \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/binary_to_decimal.py b/binary_to_decimal.py index d356c844..7d5b791f 100644 --- a/binary_to_decimal.py +++ b/binary_to_decimal.py @@ -1,7 +1,35 @@ def bin_to_dec(n:int)->int: + # Original core logic: Converts the input integer to a string, + # then interprets that string as a base 2 number for decimal conversion. return int(str(n),2) - -num = int(input('Enter a number (base 2): ')) -print("It's value in base 10 is",bin_to_dec(num)) \ No newline at end of file +def run_conversion(): + # --- Robust Input and Execution --- + while True: + try: + # ORIGINAL LINE (Integrated with error handling): Read input as integer. + num_input_str = input('Enter a number (base 2): ') + num = int(num_input_str) + + # The core logic is executed, which will raise ValueError if non-binary digits are present. + decimal_value = bin_to_dec(num) + + # --- ORIGINAL OUTPUT LINE --- + print("It's value in base 10 is",decimal_value) + + break # Exit loop on success + + except ValueError: + # This catches two issues: + # 1. User enters non-numeric text (input -> int fails). + # 2. User enters a non-binary number (e.g., 123) which fails inside bin_to_dec. + print("Invalid input. Please enter a sequence of 0s and 1s only (e.g., 1011).") + except Exception as e: + # Catch any other unexpected errors + print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}") + continue + +# --- Standard Entry Point --- +if __name__ == '__main__': + run_conversion() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/calculator.py b/calculator.py index 6f0f018c..7ba89b31 100644 --- a/calculator.py +++ b/calculator.py @@ -1,59 +1,100 @@ -num1=int(input("eneter a digit")) -num2=int(input("eneter a another digit")) -# defination for operators - -#addition -def add(num1, num2): - return num1+num2 -#substraction -def subtract(num1, num2): - return num1-num2 -#multiply -def multiply(num1, num2): - return num1*num2 -#division -def divide(num1, num2): - return num1/num2 - -#command for operation -print("choose operation") -print("press 1 for add") -print("press 2 for subs") -print("press 3 for multiply") -print("press 4 for devision") - - - - - -while True: - # take input from the user - choice = input("Enter choice(1/2/3/4): ") - - if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'): - - if choice == '1': - print(num1, "+", num2, "=", add(num1, num2)) - - - - elif choice == '2': - print(num1, "-", num2, "=", subtract(num1, num2)) - - elif choice == '3': - print(num1, "*", num2, "=", multiply(num1, num2)) - - - - - - elif choice == '4': - print(num1, "/", num2, "=", divide(num1, num2)) - # check if user wants another calculation - # break the while loop if answer is no - next_calculation = input("Let's do next calculation? (yes/no): ") - if next_calculation == "no": +import sys + +# --- Core Operation Definitions (Functions) --- +# Functions for arithmetic operations +def add(num1: float, num2: float) -> float: + return num1 + num2 + +def subtract(num1: float, num2: float) -> float: + return num1 - num2 + +def multiply(num1: float, num2: float) -> float: + return num1 * num2 + +def divide(num1: float, num2: float) -> float: + # IMPORTANT: Check for division by zero before calculating + if num2 == 0: + raise ZeroDivisionError("Cannot divide by zero.") + return num1 / num2 + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +# --- Input Handling Function --- + +def get_numeric_input(prompt: str) -> float: + """Gets and validates a numerical input from the user.""" + while True: + try: + # Use float for flexibility (can handle integers and decimals) + return float(input(prompt)) + except ValueError: + print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number (digit).") + except EOFError: + # Handles Ctrl+D/Ctrl+Z input termination + print("\nInput cancelled. Exiting.") + sys.exit(0) + + +# ---------------------------------------------------------------------- +# --- Main Execution Logic --- +def run_calculator(): + """Main function to run the calculator program.""" + + # 1. Get the initial two numbers once + print("--- SIMPLE CONSOLE CALCULATOR ---") + num1 = get_numeric_input("Enter the first number: ") + num2 = get_numeric_input("Enter the second number: ") + + # 2. Display Operation Menu + print("\nChoose operation:") + print("Press 1 for Add") + print("Press 2 for Subtract") + print("Press 3 for Multiply") + print("Press 4 for Division") + print("Press E to Exit") + + # 3. Operation Loop (Original while True loop retained) + while True: + # Take input from the user + choice = input("Enter choice (1/2/3/4/E): ").strip().lower() + + if choice == 'e': + print("Thank you for using the calculator. Goodbye!") break - - else: - print("Invalid Input") + + if choice in ('1', '2', '3', '4'): + try: + # --- Execute Operation --- + if choice == '1': + result = add(num1, num2) + op_symbol = "+" + elif choice == '2': + result = subtract(num1, num2) + op_symbol = "-" + elif choice == '3': + result = multiply(num1, num2) + op_symbol = "*" + elif choice == '4': + result = divide(num1, num2) + op_symbol = "/" + + # Print the result (Common output for all operations) + print(f"\n{num1} {op_symbol} {num2} = {result}") + + except ZeroDivisionError: + print("Error: Cannot divide by zero.") + except Exception as e: + print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}") + + # --- Next Calculation Logic (Modified for clarity) --- + next_step = input("\nDo you want to continue operations with these numbers? (yes/no): ").strip().lower() + if next_step in ("no", "n"): + break + + # If 'yes', the loop continues, prompting for a new choice. + + else: + print("Invalid choice. Please enter 1, 2, 3, 4, or E to exit.") + +# --- Standard Entry Point --- +if __name__ == "__main__": + run_calculator() \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/calendar_program.py b/calendar_program.py index 533a7930..bdf61acd 100644 --- a/calendar_program.py +++ b/calendar_program.py @@ -1,33 +1,63 @@ import calendar -''' -Write a Python program that prints the calendar of a given month in a given year after validating the user input. -''' +import sys +from typing import Tuple +# --- Reusable Input Validation Functions --- -def validate_user_input(): - is_valid_year = False - is_valid_month = False - '''user should enter a valid year''' - while not is_valid_year: - year = input("Enter the year \n format: YYYY: ") - if len(year) == 4 and year.isdigit(): - is_valid_year = True +def validate_year() -> int: + """Prompts the user for a 4-digit year and validates the input.""" + while True: + year_str = input("Enter the year (format: YYYY): ").strip() + + # Check if it's a 4-digit number + if year_str.isdigit() and len(year_str) == 4: + # We can also add a reasonable range check (e.g., year > 1900) if needed. + return int(year_str) else: - print("Kindly Enter a vaild four-digit year number") - '''user should enter a valid month''' - while not is_valid_month: - month = input("Enter month \n format: 1-12: ") - if month.isdigit() and 12 >= int(month) >= 1: - is_valid_month = True + print("āŒ Kindly Enter a valid four-digit year number.") + +def validate_month() -> int: + """Prompts the user for a month (1-12) and validates the input.""" + while True: + month_str = input("Enter month (format: 1-12): ").strip() + + # Check if it's a number and within the valid range + if month_str.isdigit(): + month = int(month_str) + if 1 <= month <= 12: + return month + else: + print("āŒ Kindly Enter a valid month number between 1 and 12.") else: - print("Kindly Enter a vaild month number between 1 and 12") - return [int(year), int(month)] + print("āŒ Kindly Enter a valid month number between 1 and 12.") +# --- Main Program Logic (Simplified from original) --- def print_given_month(): - year, month = validate_user_input() - print(year, month) + """ + Validates user input for year and month, and prints the corresponding calendar. + """ + print("--- Monthly Calendar Generator ---") + + # 1. Get validated inputs using the dedicated functions + # Original logic was split between two functions, now consolidated here for flow. + year = validate_year() + month = validate_month() + + # 2. Display the result + print(f"\nCalendar for {calendar.month_name[month]} {year}:\n") + + # ORIGINAL LINE: print the month calendar print(calendar.month(year, month)) - -print_given_month() \ No newline at end of file +# --- Standard Entry Point --- +if __name__ == '__main__': + # Use a try-except block to gracefully handle unexpected program termination + try: + print_given_month() + except KeyboardInterrupt: + print("\nProgram interrupted by user. Exiting.") + sys.exit(0) + except Exception as e: + print(f"\nAn unexpected error occurred: {e}") + sys.exit(1) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/camelCase-to-snake_case.py b/camelCase-to-snake_case.py index f4833605..19c3f7be 100644 --- a/camelCase-to-snake_case.py +++ b/camelCase-to-snake_case.py @@ -1,9 +1,50 @@ -name = input("Enter name of variable in camelCase: ") +from typing import List -j = 0 +def to_snake_case(camel_case_name: str) -> str: + """ + Converts a string from camelCase (e.g., userName) to snake_case (e.g., user_name). + + Args: + camel_case_name: The string in camelCase format. + + Returns: + The converted string in snake_case format. + """ + snake_parts: List[str] = [] + + for char in camel_case_name: + if char.isupper(): + # If the character is uppercase, prepend an underscore and convert it to lowercase. + # Avoids adding an underscore at the very beginning by checking if the list is empty. + if snake_parts and snake_parts[-1] != '_': + snake_parts.append('_') + snake_parts.append(char.lower()) + else: + # If lowercase, just append the character. + snake_parts.append(char) + + # Join all parts into a single string + return "".join(snake_parts) -for char in name: - if char.isupper(): - print("_" + char.lower(), end = "") - else: - print(char, end = "") \ No newline at end of file +def run_conversion(): + """Handles user input and prints the result.""" + + while True: + # Get input from the user + name_input = input("Enter name of variable in camelCase: ").strip() + + if not name_input: + print("Input cannot be empty. Please try again.") + continue + + # Execute the conversion + snake_case_result = to_snake_case(name_input) + + # Display the output + print(f"\nOriginal (camelCase): {name_input}") + print(f"Converted (snake_case): {snake_case_result}") + break + +# --- Standard Entry Point --- +if __name__ == "__main__": + run_conversion() \ No newline at end of file