programming.po

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msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.11\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-05-11 19:50+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-09-22 16:49+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Blessing Oluronbi, 2026\n"
"Language-Team: Polish (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n"
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"n%10<=9) || (n%100>=12 && n%100<=14) ? 2 : 3);\n"

msgid "Programming FAQ"
msgstr "FAQ - programowanie"

msgid "Contents"
msgstr "Zawartość"

msgid "General Questions"
msgstr "Pytania ogólne"

msgid ""
"Is there a source code level debugger with breakpoints, single-stepping, "
"etc.?"
msgstr ""
"Czy istnieje debugger kodu źródłowego z obsługą punktów przerwania, krokowym "
"wykonywaniem akcji itp.?"

msgid "Yes."
msgstr "Tak"

msgid ""
"Several debuggers for Python are described below, and the built-in function :"
"func:`breakpoint` allows you to drop into any of them."
msgstr ""
"Poniżej opisano kilka debuggerów dla języka Python, a wbudowana funkcja :"
"func:`breakpoint` umożliwia przejście do dowolnego z nich."

msgid ""
"The pdb module is a simple but adequate console-mode debugger for Python. It "
"is part of the standard Python library, and is :mod:`documented in the "
"Library Reference Manual <pdb>`. You can also write your own debugger by "
"using the code for pdb as an example."
msgstr ""
"Moduł pdb jest prostym, ale wystarczającym debugerem działającym w trybie "
"konsolowym dla Pythona. Jest częścią standardowej biblioteki Pythona i jest :"
"mod:dokumentowany w podręczniku Library Reference Manual . Możesz też "
"napisać własny debuger, używając kodu modułu pdb jako przykładu."

msgid ""
"The IDLE interactive development environment, which is part of the standard "
"Python distribution (normally available as `Tools/scripts/idle3 <https://"
"github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Tools/scripts/idle3>`_), includes a "
"graphical debugger."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb.  The "
"PythonWin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such "
"as debugging non-PythonWin programs.  PythonWin is available as part of "
"`pywin32 <https://github.com/mhammond/pywin32>`_ project and as a part of "
"the `ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/products/python/>`_ "
"distribution."
msgstr ""
"PythonWin to środowisko programistyczne Pythona, które zawiera graficzny "
"debuger oparty na pdb. Debuger PythonWin koloruje punkty przerwania i "
"oferuje kilka ciekawych funkcji, takich jak debugowanie programów innych niż "
"PythonWin. PythonWin jest dostępny jako część projektu `pywin32` oraz jako "
"część dystrybucji `ActivePython`."

msgid ""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ is an IDE built on PyQt and "
"the Scintilla editing component."
msgstr ""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ jest środowiskiem IDE "
"zbudowanym na bazie PyQt i komponentu edycyjnego Scintilla."

msgid ""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ is a gdb-like "
"debugger."
msgstr ""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ jest debuggerem typu "
"gdb."

msgid ""
"`Visual Studio Code <https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ is an IDE with "
"debugging tools that integrates with version-control software."
msgstr ""
"`Visual Studio Code<https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ to środowisko IDE z "
"narzędziami do debugowania, które integruje się z oprogramowaniem do "
"kontroli wersji."

msgid ""
"There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical "
"debuggers. They include:"
msgstr ""
"Istnieje wiele komercyjnych środowisk IDE dla Pythona, które zawierają "
"graficzne debugery. Należą do nich:"

msgid "`Wing IDE <https://wingware.com/>`_"
msgstr ""
"Skrzydło zintegrowane środowisko programistyczne<https://wingware.com/>`_"

msgid "`Komodo IDE <https://www.activestate.com/products/komodo-ide/>`_"
msgstr "`Komodo IDE <https://www.activestate.com/products/komodo-ide/>`_"

msgid "`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"
msgstr "`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"

msgid "Are there tools to help find bugs or perform static analysis?"
msgstr ""
"Czy istnieją narzędzia pomocne w znajdowaniu błędów lub wykonywaniu analizy "
"statycznej?"

msgid ""
"`Pylint <https://pylint.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html>`_ and `Pyflakes "
"<https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes>`_ do basic checking that will help you "
"catch bugs sooner."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Static type checkers such as `Mypy <https://mypy-lang.org/>`_, `Pyre "
"<https://pyre-check.org/>`_, and `Pytype <https://github.com/google/"
"pytype>`_ can check type hints in Python source code."
msgstr ""

msgid "How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?"
msgstr "Jak mogę utworzyć samodzielny plik binarny ze skryptu Pythona?"

msgid ""
"You don't need the ability to compile Python to C code if all you want is a "
"stand-alone program that users can download and run without having to "
"install the Python distribution first.  There are a number of tools that "
"determine the set of modules required by a program and bind these modules "
"together with a Python binary to produce a single executable."
msgstr ""
"Nie potrzebujesz umiejętności kompilowania Pythona do kodu C, jeśli "
"potrzebujesz jedynie samodzielnego programu, który użytkownicy mogą pobrać i "
"uruchomić bez konieczności wcześniejszej instalacji dystrybucji Pythona. "
"Istnieje wiele narzędzi, które określają zestaw modułów wymaganych przez "
"program i łączą te moduły za pomocą pliku binarnego Pythona w celu "
"utworzenia pojedynczego pliku wykonywalnego."

msgid ""
"One is to use the freeze tool, which is included in the Python source tree "
"as `Tools/freeze <https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Tools/"
"freeze>`_. It converts Python byte code to C arrays; with a C compiler you "
"can embed all your modules into a new program, which is then linked with the "
"standard Python modules."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both "
"forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in "
"the source directory (for built-in modules).  It then turns the bytecode for "
"modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be turned "
"into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made config "
"file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually used in "
"the program.  It then compiles the generated C code and links it with the "
"rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary which acts "
"exactly like your script."
msgstr ""
"It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both "
"forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in "
"the source directory (for built-in modules).  It then turns the bytecode for "
"modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be turned "
"into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made config "
"file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually used in "
"the program.  It then compiles the generated C code and links it with the "
"rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary which acts "
"exactly like your script."

msgid ""
"The following packages can help with the creation of console and GUI "
"executables:"
msgstr ""
"Poniższe pakiety mogą pomóc w tworzeniu plików wykonywalnych konsoli i "
"interfejsu graficznego"

msgid "`Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr "Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ (Cross-platform)"

msgid "`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr "`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_ (wieloplatformowy)"

msgid ""
"`PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr ""
"PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_ "
"(wieloplatformowy)"

msgid ""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr ""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ (wieloplatformowy)"

msgid "`py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_ (macOS only)"
msgstr "py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_ (tylko macOS)"

msgid "`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_ (Windows only)"
msgstr "`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_ (tylko Windows)"

msgid "Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs?"
msgstr ""
"Czy istnieją standardy kodowania lub przewodnik stylistyczny dla programów w "
"Pythona?"

msgid ""
"Yes.  The coding style required for standard library modules is documented "
"as :pep:`8`."
msgstr ""
"Tak. Styl kodowania wymagany dla standardowych modułów bibliotecznych jest "
"udokumentowany jako :pep:`8`"

msgid "Core Language"
msgstr "Rdzeń języka"

msgid "Why am I getting an UnboundLocalError when the variable has a value?"
msgstr "Dlaczego otrzymuję błąd UnboundLocalError, skoro zmienna ma wartość?"

msgid ""
"It can be a surprise to get the :exc:`UnboundLocalError` in previously "
"working code when it is modified by adding an assignment statement somewhere "
"in the body of a function."
msgstr ""
"Można się zdziwić, gdy okaże się, :exc:`UnboundLocalError` że kod, który "
"wcześniej działał, został zmodyfikowany przez dodanie instrukcji przypisania "
"w dowolnym miejscu ciała funkcji."

msgid "This code:"
msgstr "Ten kod:"

msgid "works, but this code:"
msgstr "działa, ale ten kod:"

msgid "results in an :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`:"
msgstr "skutkuje :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`"

msgid ""
"This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that "
"variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named "
"variable in the outer scope.  Since the last statement in foo assigns a new "
"value to ``x``, the compiler recognizes it as a local variable.  "
"Consequently when the earlier ``print(x)`` attempts to print the "
"uninitialized local variable and an error results."
msgstr ""
"Dzieje się tak, ponieważ po przypisaniu zmiennej w zakresie, zmienna ta "
"staje się lokalna w tym zakresie i przesłania każdą zmienną o podobnej "
"nazwie w zakresie zewnętrznym. Ponieważ ostatnie polecenie w foo przypisuje "
"nową wartość zmiennej ``x``, kompilator rozpoznaje ją jako zmienną lokalną. "
"W rezultacie ``print(x)``, gdy poprzednia instrukcja próbuje wydrukować "
"niezainicjowaną zmienną lokalną, pojawia się błąd."

msgid ""
"In the example above you can access the outer scope variable by declaring it "
"global:"
msgstr ""
"W powyższym przykładzie możesz uzyskać dostęp do zmiennej zakresu "
"zewnętrznego, deklarując ją jako globalną:"

msgid ""
"This explicit declaration is required in order to remind you that (unlike "
"the superficially analogous situation with class and instance variables) you "
"are actually modifying the value of the variable in the outer scope:"
msgstr ""
"Ta wyraźna deklaracja jest wymagana, aby przypomnieć, że (w przeciwieństwie "
"do pozornie analogicznej sytuacji ze zmiennymi klasowymi i instancyjnymi) w "
"rzeczywistości modyfikujesz wartość zmiennej w zakresie zewnętrznym:"

msgid ""
"You can do a similar thing in a nested scope using the :keyword:`nonlocal` "
"keyword:"
msgstr ""
"Można wykonać podobną czynność w zakresie zagnieżdżonym, używając słowa :"
"keyword:`nonlocal` kluczowego:"

msgid "What are the rules for local and global variables in Python?"
msgstr "Jakie są zasady dotyczące zmiennych lokalnych i globalnych w Pythonie?"

msgid ""
"In Python, variables that are only referenced inside a function are "
"implicitly global.  If a variable is assigned a value anywhere within the "
"function's body, it's assumed to be a local unless explicitly declared as "
"global."
msgstr ""
"W Pythonie zmienne, do których odwołuje się tylko funkcja, są domyślnie "
"globalne. Jeśli zmiennej zostanie przypisana wartość w dowolnym miejscu w "
"ciele funkcji, przyjmuje się, że jest lokalna, chyba że zostanie jawnie "
"zadeklarowana jako globalna."

msgid ""
"Though a bit surprising at first, a moment's consideration explains this.  "
"On one hand, requiring :keyword:`global` for assigned variables provides a "
"bar against unintended side-effects.  On the other hand, if ``global`` was "
"required for all global references, you'd be using ``global`` all the time.  "
"You'd have to declare as global every reference to a built-in function or to "
"a component of an imported module.  This clutter would defeat the usefulness "
"of the ``global`` declaration for identifying side-effects."
msgstr ""
"Choć na początku może to być nieco zaskakujące, chwila namysłu wyjaśnia "
"sprawę. Z jednej strony, wymaganie :keyword:`global` dla przypisanych "
"zmiennych chroni przed niezamierzonymi efektami ubocznymi. Z drugiej strony, "
"gdyby ``global`` było wymagane dla wszystkich odwołań globalnych, "
"używalibyśmy ``global`` go cały czas. Trzeba by deklarować jako globalne "
"każde odwołanie do funkcja wbudowanej lub do komponentu importowanego "
"modułu. Ten bałagan zniweczyłby użyteczność deklaracji w ``global`` "
"identyfikowaniu efektów ubocznych."

msgid ""
"Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same "
"result?"
msgstr ""
"Dlaczego wyrażenia lambda zdefiniowane w pętli z różnymi wartościami "
"zwracają ten sam wynik?"

msgid ""
"Assume you use a for loop to define a few different lambdas (or even plain "
"functions), e.g.::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate ``x**2``.  You "
"might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, ``0``, "
"``1``, ``4``, ``9``, and ``16``.  However, when you actually try you will "
"see that they all return ``16``::"
msgstr ""
"Daje to listę zawierającą 5 lambda obliczających . Można by się spodziewać, "
"że po wywołaniu zwracać odpowiednio``0``,``1`` ,``4`` ,``9`` , i ``16`` . "
"Jednak po próbie zobaczysz, że wszystkie zwracać ``16`` ::"

msgid ""
"This happens because ``x`` is not local to the lambdas, but is defined in "
"the outer scope, and it is accessed when the lambda is called --- not when "
"it is defined.  At the end of the loop, the value of ``x`` is ``4``, so all "
"the functions now return ``4**2``, i.e. ``16``.  You can also verify this by "
"changing the value of ``x`` and see how the results of the lambdas change::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"In order to avoid this, you need to save the values in variables local to "
"the lambdas, so that they don't rely on the value of the global ``x``::"
msgstr ""
"Aby tego uniknąć, należy zapisać wartości w zmiennych lokalnych dla lambd, "
"aby nie były one zależne od wartości zmiennej globalnej ``x``::"

msgid ""
"Here, ``n=x`` creates a new variable ``n`` local to the lambda and computed "
"when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that ``x`` had at "
"that point in the loop.  This means that the value of ``n`` will be ``0`` in "
"the first lambda, ``1`` in the second, ``2`` in the third, and so on. "
"Therefore each lambda will now return the correct result::"
msgstr ""
"Tutaj, ``n=x`` tworzy nową zmienną ``n`` lokalną dla lambda i oblicza ją "
"podczas definiowania lambda, tak aby miała tę samą wartość ``x`` co w danym "
"punkcie pętli. Oznacza to, że wartość ``n``będzie``0`` w pierwszej lambda,"
"``1``  w drugiej, ``2``w trzeciej itd. W związku z tym każda lambda zwróci "
"teraz poprawny wynik:"

msgid ""
"Note that this behaviour is not peculiar to lambdas, but applies to regular "
"functions too."
msgstr ""
"Należy pamiętać, że takie zachowanie nie jest specyficzne dla wyrażeń "
"lambda, ale ma zastosowanie także do zwykłych funkcje."

msgid "How do I share global variables across modules?"
msgstr "Jak udostępniać zmienne globalne pomiędzy moduły?"

msgid ""
"The canonical way to share information across modules within a single "
"program is to create a special module (often called config or cfg).  Just "
"import the config module in all modules of your application; the module then "
"becomes available as a global name.  Because there is only one instance of "
"each module, any changes made to the module object get reflected "
"everywhere.  For example:"
msgstr ""
"Kanonicznym sposobem udostępniania informacji między modułami w ramach "
"jednego programu jest utworzenie specjalnego modułu (często nazywanego "
"config lub cfg). Wystarczy zaimportować moduł config do wszystkich modułów "
"aplikacji; moduł staje się wówczas dostępny jako nazwa globalna. Ponieważ "
"istnieje tylko jedna instancja każdego modułu, wszelkie zmiany wprowadzone w "
"obiekcie modułu są odzwierciedlane wszędzie. Na przykład:"

msgid "config.py::"
msgstr "config.py::"

msgid "mod.py::"
msgstr "mod.py::"

msgid "main.py::"
msgstr "main.py::"

msgid ""
"Note that using a module is also the basis for implementing the singleton "
"design pattern, for the same reason."
msgstr ""
"Należy pamiętać, że używanie modułu jest również podstawą implementacji "
"wzorca projektowego singleton, z tego samego powodu."

msgid "What are the \"best practices\" for using import in a module?"
msgstr "Jakie są „najlepsze praktyki” dotyczące używania import w module?"

msgid ""
"In general, don't use ``from modulename import *``.  Doing so clutters the "
"importer's namespace, and makes it much harder for linters to detect "
"undefined names."
msgstr ""
"Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, nie należy używać from modulename import *. Powoduje "
"to zaśmiecanie przestrzeni nazw importującego modułu i znacznie utrudnia "
"narzędziom lintującym wykrywanie niezdefiniowanych nazw."

msgid ""
"Import modules at the top of a file.  Doing so makes it clear what other "
"modules your code requires and avoids questions of whether the module name "
"is in scope. Using one import per line makes it easy to add and delete "
"module imports, but using multiple imports per line uses less screen space."
msgstr ""
"Importuj moduły na początku pliku. Dzięki temu jasno widać, jakich innych "
"modułów wymaga Twój kod, i unika się wątpliwości, czy nazwa modułu znajduje "
"się w zakresie. Używanie jednego importu w wierszu ułatwia dodawanie i "
"usuwanie importów modułów, natomiast używanie wielu importów w jednym "
"wierszu zajmuje mniej miejsca na ekranie."

msgid "It's good practice if you import modules in the following order:"
msgstr "Dobrą praktyką jest importowanie modułów w następującej kolejności:"

msgid ""
"standard library modules -- e.g. :mod:`sys`, :mod:`os`, :mod:`argparse`, :"
"mod:`re`"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"third-party library modules (anything installed in Python's site-packages "
"directory) -- e.g. :mod:`!dateutil`, :mod:`!requests`, :mod:`!PIL.Image`"
msgstr ""

msgid "locally developed modules"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"It is sometimes necessary to move imports to a function or class to avoid "
"problems with circular imports.  Gordon McMillan says:"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Circular imports are fine where both modules use the \"import <module>\" "
"form of import.  They fail when the 2nd module wants to grab a name out of "
"the first (\"from module import name\") and the import is at the top level.  "
"That's because names in the 1st are not yet available, because the first "
"module is busy importing the 2nd."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"In this case, if the second module is only used in one function, then the "
"import can easily be moved into that function.  By the time the import is "
"called, the first module will have finished initializing, and the second "
"module can do its import."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"It may also be necessary to move imports out of the top level of code if "
"some of the modules are platform-specific.  In that case, it may not even be "
"possible to import all of the modules at the top of the file.  In this case, "
"importing the correct modules in the corresponding platform-specific code is "
"a good option."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Only move imports into a local scope, such as inside a function definition, "
"if it's necessary to solve a problem such as avoiding a circular import or "
"are trying to reduce the initialization time of a module.  This technique is "
"especially helpful if many of the imports are unnecessary depending on how "
"the program executes.  You may also want to move imports into a function if "
"the modules are only ever used in that function.  Note that loading a module "
"the first time may be expensive because of the one time initialization of "
"the module, but loading a module multiple times is virtually free, costing "
"only a couple of dictionary lookups.  Even if the module name has gone out "
"of scope, the module is probably available in :data:`sys.modules`."
msgstr ""

msgid "Why are default values shared between objects?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"This type of bug commonly bites neophyte programmers.  Consider this "
"function::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The first time you call this function, ``mydict`` contains a single item.  "
"The second time, ``mydict`` contains two items because when ``foo()`` begins "
"executing, ``mydict`` starts out with an item already in it."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"It is often expected that a function call creates new objects for default "
"values. This is not what happens. Default values are created exactly once, "
"when the function is defined.  If that object is changed, like the "
"dictionary in this example, subsequent calls to the function will refer to "
"this changed object."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"By definition, immutable objects such as numbers, strings, tuples, and "
"``None``, are safe from change. Changes to mutable objects such as "
"dictionaries, lists, and class instances can lead to confusion."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Because of this feature, it is good programming practice to not use mutable "
"objects as default values.  Instead, use ``None`` as the default value and "
"inside the function, check if the parameter is ``None`` and create a new "
"list/dictionary/whatever if it is.  For example, don't write::"
msgstr ""

msgid "but::"
msgstr "ale:"

msgid ""
"This feature can be useful.  When you have a function that's time-consuming "
"to compute, a common technique is to cache the parameters and the resulting "
"value of each call to the function, and return the cached value if the same "
"value is requested again.  This is called \"memoizing\", and can be "
"implemented like this::"
msgstr ""
"Ta funkcjonalność może być przydatna. Gdy masz funkcję, której obliczenia są "
"czasochłonne, często stosowaną techniką jest buforowanie (cache’owanie) "
"parametrów oraz wyników każdego wywołania funkcji i zwracanie zapisanego "
"wyniku, jeśli ta sama wartość zostanie ponownie zażądana. Nazywa się to "
"„memoizacją” i można to zaimplementować w następujący sposób::"

msgid ""
"You could use a global variable containing a dictionary instead of the "
"default value; it's a matter of taste."
msgstr ""
"Można użyć zmiennej globalnej zawierającej słownik zamiast wartości "
"domyślnej; jest to kwestia gustu."

msgid ""
"How can I pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another?"
msgstr ""
"Jak można przekazać opcjonalne parametry lub argumenty nazwane z jednej "
"funkcji do innej funkcji?"

msgid ""
"Collect the arguments using the ``*`` and ``**`` specifiers in the "
"function's parameter list; this gives you the positional arguments as a "
"tuple and the keyword arguments as a dictionary.  You can then pass these "
"arguments when calling another function by using ``*`` and ``**``::"
msgstr ""

msgid "What is the difference between arguments and parameters?"
msgstr "Jaka jest różnica pomiędzy argumentami a parametrami?"

msgid ""
":term:`Parameters <parameter>` are defined by the names that appear in a "
"function definition, whereas :term:`arguments <argument>` are the values "
"actually passed to a function when calling it.  Parameters define what :term:"
"`kind of arguments <parameter>` a function can accept.  For example, given "
"the function definition::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"*foo*, *bar* and *kwargs* are parameters of ``func``.  However, when calling "
"``func``, for example::"
msgstr ""

msgid "the values ``42``, ``314``, and ``somevar`` are arguments."
msgstr ""

msgid "Why did changing list 'y' also change list 'x'?"
msgstr "Dlaczego zmiana listy „y” spowodowała również zmianę listy „x”?"

msgid "If you wrote code like::"
msgstr "Jeśli napisałeś kod taki jak::"

msgid ""
"you might be wondering why appending an element to ``y`` changed ``x`` too."
msgstr ""

msgid "There are two factors that produce this result:"
msgstr "Na ten wynik składają się dwa czynniki:"

msgid ""
"Variables are simply names that refer to objects.  Doing ``y = x`` doesn't "
"create a copy of the list -- it creates a new variable ``y`` that refers to "
"the same object ``x`` refers to.  This means that there is only one object "
"(the list), and both ``x`` and ``y`` refer to it."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Lists are :term:`mutable`, which means that you can change their content."
msgstr "Listy są :term:mutable, co oznacza, że można zmieniać ich zawartość."

msgid ""
"After the call to :meth:`!append`, the content of the mutable object has "
"changed from ``[]`` to ``[10]``.  Since both the variables refer to the same "
"object, using either name accesses the modified value ``[10]``."
msgstr ""

msgid "If we instead assign an immutable object to ``x``::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"we can see that in this case ``x`` and ``y`` are not equal anymore.  This is "
"because integers are :term:`immutable`, and when we do ``x = x + 1`` we are "
"not mutating the int ``5`` by incrementing its value; instead, we are "
"creating a new object (the int ``6``) and assigning it to ``x`` (that is, "
"changing which object ``x`` refers to).  After this assignment we have two "
"objects (the ints ``6`` and ``5``) and two variables that refer to them "
"(``x`` now refers to ``6`` but ``y`` still refers to ``5``)."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Some operations (for example ``y.append(10)`` and ``y.sort()``) mutate the "
"object, whereas superficially similar operations (for example ``y = y + "
"[10]`` and :func:`sorted(y) <sorted>`) create a new object.  In general in "
"Python (and in all cases in the standard library) a method that mutates an "
"object will return ``None`` to help avoid getting the two types of "
"operations confused.  So if you mistakenly write ``y.sort()`` thinking it "
"will give you a sorted copy of ``y``, you'll instead end up with ``None``, "
"which will likely cause your program to generate an easily diagnosed error."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"However, there is one class of operations where the same operation sometimes "
"has different behaviors with different types:  the augmented assignment "
"operators.  For example, ``+=`` mutates lists but not tuples or ints "
"(``a_list += [1, 2, 3]`` is equivalent to ``a_list.extend([1, 2, 3])`` and "
"mutates ``a_list``, whereas ``some_tuple += (1, 2, 3)`` and ``some_int += "
"1`` create new objects)."
msgstr ""
"Jednak istnieje jedna klasa operacji, w której ta sama operacja może "
"zachowywać się różnie w zależności od typu: operatory przypisania "
"rozszerzonego. Na przykład 1``+=`` modyfikuje listy, ale nie krotki ani "
"liczby całkowite (2``a_list`` += [1, 2, 3]`` jest równoważne 3``a_list``."
"extend([1, 2, 3`)``i modyfikuje 4``a_list``, natomiast 5``some_tuple += (1, "
"2, 3)`` oraz 6``some_int += 1`` tworzą nowe obiekty)."

msgid "In other words:"
msgstr "Innymi słowami:"

msgid ""
"If we have a mutable object (:class:`list`, :class:`dict`, :class:`set`, "
"etc.), we can use some specific operations to mutate it and all the "
"variables that refer to it will see the change."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"If we have an immutable object (:class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`tuple`, "
"etc.), all the variables that refer to it will always see the same value, "
"but operations that transform that value into a new value always return a "
"new object."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"If you want to know if two variables refer to the same object or not, you "
"can use the :keyword:`is` operator, or the built-in function :func:`id`."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Remember that arguments are passed by assignment in Python.  Since "
"assignment just creates references to objects, there's no alias between an "
"argument name in the caller and callee, and so no call-by-reference per se.  "
"You can achieve the desired effect in a number of ways."
msgstr ""

msgid "By returning a tuple of the results::"
msgstr ""

msgid "This is almost always the clearest solution."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"By using global variables.  This isn't thread-safe, and is not recommended."
msgstr ""

msgid "By passing a mutable (changeable in-place) object::"
msgstr ""

msgid "By passing in a dictionary that gets mutated::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Or bundle up values in a class instance::"
msgstr ""

msgid "There's almost never a good reason to get this complicated."
msgstr ""

msgid "Your best choice is to return a tuple containing the multiple results."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do you make a higher order function in Python?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"You have two choices: you can use nested scopes or you can use callable "
"objects. For example, suppose you wanted to define ``linear(a,b)`` which "
"returns a function ``f(x)`` that computes the value ``a*x+b``.  Using nested "
"scopes::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Or using a callable object::"
msgstr ""

msgid "In both cases, ::"
msgstr "W obydwu przypadkach, ::"

msgid "gives a callable object where ``taxes(10e6) == 0.3 * 10e6 + 2``."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The callable object approach has the disadvantage that it is a bit slower "
"and results in slightly longer code.  However, note that a collection of "
"callables can share their signature via inheritance::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Object can encapsulate state for several methods::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Here ``inc()``, ``dec()`` and ``reset()`` act like functions which share the "
"same counting variable."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I copy an object in Python?"
msgstr "Jak mogę skopiować obiekt w Pythonie?"

msgid ""
"In general, try :func:`copy.copy` or :func:`copy.deepcopy` for the general "
"case. Not all objects can be copied, but most can."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Some objects can be copied more easily.  Dictionaries have a :meth:`~dict."
"copy` method::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Sequences can be copied by slicing::"
msgstr ""

msgid "How can I find the methods or attributes of an object?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"For an instance ``x`` of a user-defined class, :func:`dir(x) <dir>` returns "
"an alphabetized list of the names containing the instance attributes and "
"methods and attributes defined by its class."
msgstr ""

msgid "How can my code discover the name of an object?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Generally speaking, it can't, because objects don't really have names. "
"Essentially, assignment always binds a name to a value; the same is true of "
"``def`` and ``class`` statements, but in that case the value is a callable. "
"Consider the following code::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Arguably the class has a name: even though it is bound to two names and "
"invoked through the name ``B`` the created instance is still reported as an "
"instance of class ``A``.  However, it is impossible to say whether the "
"instance's name is ``a`` or ``b``, since both names are bound to the same "
"value."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Generally speaking it should not be necessary for your code to \"know the "
"names\" of particular values. Unless you are deliberately writing "
"introspective programs, this is usually an indication that a change of "
"approach might be beneficial."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"In comp.lang.python, Fredrik Lundh once gave an excellent analogy in answer "
"to this question:"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The same way as you get the name of that cat you found on your porch: the "
"cat (object) itself cannot tell you its name, and it doesn't really care -- "
"so the only way to find out what it's called is to ask all your neighbours "
"(namespaces) if it's their cat (object)..."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"....and don't be surprised if you'll find that it's known by many names, or "
"no name at all!"
msgstr ""

msgid "What's up with the comma operator's precedence?"
msgstr ""

msgid "Comma is not an operator in Python.  Consider this session::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Since the comma is not an operator, but a separator between expressions the "
"above is evaluated as if you had entered::"
msgstr ""

msgid "not::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The same is true of the various assignment operators (``=``, ``+=`` etc).  "
"They are not truly operators but syntactic delimiters in assignment "
"statements."
msgstr ""

msgid "Is there an equivalent of C's \"?:\" ternary operator?"
msgstr ""

msgid "Yes, there is. The syntax is as follows::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Before this syntax was introduced in Python 2.5, a common idiom was to use "
"logical operators::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"However, this idiom is unsafe, as it can give wrong results when *on_true* "
"has a false boolean value.  Therefore, it is always better to use the ``... "
"if ... else ...`` form."
msgstr ""

msgid "Is it possible to write obfuscated one-liners in Python?"
msgstr "Czy w Pythonie da się napisać pokręcony jednolinijkowy kod?"

msgid ""
"Yes.  Usually this is done by nesting :keyword:`lambda` within :keyword:`!"
"lambda`.  See the following three examples, slightly adapted from Ulf "
"Bartelt::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Don't try this at home, kids!"
msgstr "Nie próbujcie tego w domu, dzieciaki!"

msgid "What does the slash(/) in the parameter list of a function mean?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"A slash in the argument list of a function denotes that the parameters prior "
"to it are positional-only.  Positional-only parameters are the ones without "
"an externally usable name.  Upon calling a function that accepts positional-"
"only parameters, arguments are mapped to parameters based solely on their "
"position. For example, :func:`divmod` is a function that accepts positional-"
"only parameters. Its documentation looks like this::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The slash at the end of the parameter list means that both parameters are "
"positional-only. Thus, calling :func:`divmod` with keyword arguments would "
"lead to an error::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Numbers and strings"
msgstr "Liczby i ciągi znaków"

msgid "How do I specify hexadecimal and octal integers?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"To specify an octal digit, precede the octal value with a zero, and then a "
"lower or uppercase \"o\".  For example, to set the variable \"a\" to the "
"octal value \"10\" (8 in decimal), type::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Hexadecimal is just as easy.  Simply precede the hexadecimal number with a "
"zero, and then a lower or uppercase \"x\".  Hexadecimal digits can be "
"specified in lower or uppercase.  For example, in the Python interpreter::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Why does -22 // 10 return -3?"
msgstr "Dlaczego -22 // 10 zwraca -3?"

msgid ""
"It's primarily driven by the desire that ``i % j`` have the same sign as "
"``j``. If you want that, and also want::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"then integer division has to return the floor.  C also requires that "
"identity to hold, and then compilers that truncate ``i // j`` need to make "
"``i % j`` have the same sign as ``i``."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"There are few real use cases for ``i % j`` when ``j`` is negative.  When "
"``j`` is positive, there are many, and in virtually all of them it's more "
"useful for ``i % j`` to be ``>= 0``.  If the clock says 10 now, what did it "
"say 200 hours ago?  ``-190 % 12 == 2`` is useful; ``-190 % 12 == -10`` is a "
"bug waiting to bite."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I get int literal attribute instead of SyntaxError?"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Trying to lookup an ``int`` literal attribute in the normal manner gives a :"
"exc:`SyntaxError` because the period is seen as a decimal point::"
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The solution is to separate the literal from the period with either a space "
"or parentheses."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I convert a string to a number?"
msgstr "Jak skonwertować ciąg znaków na liczbę?"

msgid ""
"For integers, use the built-in :func:`int` type constructor, e.g. "
"``int('144') == 144``.  Similarly, :func:`float` converts to floating-point, "
"e.g. ``float('144') == 144.0``."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"By default, these interpret the number as decimal, so that ``int('0144') == "
"144`` holds true, and ``int('0x144')`` raises :exc:`ValueError`. "
"``int(string, base)`` takes the base to convert from as a second optional "
"argument, so ``int( '0x144', 16) == 324``.  If the base is specified as 0, "
"the number is interpreted using Python's rules: a leading '0o' indicates "
"octal, and '0x' indicates a hex number."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"Do not use the built-in function :func:`eval` if all you need is to convert "
"strings to numbers.  :func:`eval` will be significantly slower and it "
"presents a security risk: someone could pass you a Python expression that "
"might have unwanted side effects.  For example, someone could pass "
"``__import__('os').system(\"rm -rf $HOME\")`` which would erase your home "
"directory."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
":func:`eval` also has the effect of interpreting numbers as Python "
"expressions, so that e.g. ``eval('09')`` gives a syntax error because Python "
"does not allow leading '0' in a decimal number (except '0')."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I convert a number to a string?"
msgstr "Jak skonwertować liczbę na ciąg znaków?"

msgid ""
"To convert, e.g., the number ``144`` to the string ``'144'``, use the built-"
"in type constructor :func:`str`.  If you want a hexadecimal or octal "
"representation, use the built-in functions :func:`hex` or :func:`oct`.  For "
"fancy formatting, see the :ref:`f-strings` and :ref:`formatstrings` "
"sections, e.g. ``\"{:04d}\".format(144)`` yields ``'0144'`` and ``\"{:.3f}\"."
"format(1.0/3.0)`` yields ``'0.333'``."
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I modify a string in place?"
msgstr "Jak zmodyfikować ciąg znaków „w miejscu”?"

msgid ""
"You can't, because strings are immutable.  In most situations, you should "
"simply construct a new string from the various parts you want to assemble it "
"from.  However, if you need an object with the ability to modify in-place "
"unicode data, try using an :class:`io.StringIO` object or the :mod:`array` "
"module::"
msgstr ""

msgid "How do I use strings to call functions/methods?"
msgstr ""

msgid "There are various techniques."
msgstr ""

msgid ""
"The best is to use a dictionary that maps strings to functions.  The primary "
"advantage of this technique is that the strings do not need to match the "
"names of the functions.  This is also the primary technique used to emulate "
"a case construct::"
msgstr ""

msgid "Use the built-in function :func:`getattr`::"
msgstr ""