testing_utils.py

import functools
import glob
import importlib
import importlib.metadata
import inspect
import io
import logging
import multiprocessing
import os
import random
import re
import struct
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import urllib.parse
from collections import UserDict
from contextlib import contextmanager
from io import BytesIO, StringIO
from pathlib import Path
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union

import numpy as np
import PIL.Image
import PIL.ImageOps
import pytest
import requests
from numpy.linalg import norm
from packaging import version

from diffusers.utils.constants import DIFFUSERS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT
from diffusers.utils.import_utils import (
    BACKENDS_MAPPING,
    is_accelerate_available,
    is_bitsandbytes_available,
    is_compel_available,
    is_flax_available,
    is_gguf_available,
    is_kernels_available,
    is_note_seq_available,
    is_onnx_available,
    is_opencv_available,
    is_optimum_quanto_available,
    is_peft_available,
    is_timm_available,
    is_torch_available,
    is_torch_version,
    is_torchao_available,
    is_torchsde_available,
    is_transformers_available,
)
from diffusers.utils.logging import get_logger


if is_torch_available():
    import torch

    IS_ROCM_SYSTEM = torch.version.hip is not None
    IS_CUDA_SYSTEM = torch.version.cuda is not None
    IS_XPU_SYSTEM = getattr(torch.version, "xpu", None) is not None
else:
    IS_ROCM_SYSTEM = False
    IS_CUDA_SYSTEM = False
    IS_XPU_SYSTEM = False

IS_GITHUB_ACTIONS = os.getenv("GITHUB_ACTIONS") == "true" and os.getenv("DIFFUSERS_IS_CI") == "yes"

global_rng = random.Random()

logger = get_logger(__name__)

_required_peft_version = is_peft_available() and version.parse(
    version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("peft")).base_version
) > version.parse("0.5")
_required_transformers_version = is_transformers_available() and version.parse(
    version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("transformers")).base_version
) > version.parse("4.33")

USE_PEFT_BACKEND = _required_peft_version and _required_transformers_version
BIG_GPU_MEMORY = int(os.getenv("BIG_GPU_MEMORY", 40))

if is_torch_available():
    import torch

    # Set a backend environment variable for any extra module import required for a custom accelerator
    if "DIFFUSERS_TEST_BACKEND" in os.environ:
        backend = os.environ["DIFFUSERS_TEST_BACKEND"]
        try:
            _ = importlib.import_module(backend)
        except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
            raise ModuleNotFoundError(
                f"Failed to import `DIFFUSERS_TEST_BACKEND` '{backend}'! This should be the name of an installed module \
                    to enable a specified backend.):\n{e}"
            ) from e

    if "DIFFUSERS_TEST_DEVICE" in os.environ:
        torch_device = os.environ["DIFFUSERS_TEST_DEVICE"]
        try:
            # try creating device to see if provided device is valid
            _ = torch.device(torch_device)
        except RuntimeError as e:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Unknown testing device specified by environment variable `DIFFUSERS_TEST_DEVICE`: {torch_device}"
            ) from e
        logger.info(f"torch_device overrode to {torch_device}")
    else:
        if torch.cuda.is_available():
            torch_device = "cuda"
        elif torch.xpu.is_available():
            torch_device = "xpu"
        else:
            torch_device = "cpu"
        is_torch_higher_equal_than_1_12 = version.parse(
            version.parse(torch.__version__).base_version
        ) >= version.parse("1.12")

        if is_torch_higher_equal_than_1_12:
            # Some builds of torch 1.12 don't have the mps backend registered. See #892 for more details
            mps_backend_registered = hasattr(torch.backends, "mps")
            torch_device = "mps" if (mps_backend_registered and torch.backends.mps.is_available()) else torch_device

    from diffusers.utils.torch_utils import get_torch_cuda_device_capability


def torch_all_close(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
    if not is_torch_available():
        raise ValueError("PyTorch needs to be installed to use this function.")
    if not torch.allclose(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
        assert False, f"Max diff is absolute {(a - b).abs().max()}. Diff tensor is {(a - b).abs()}."
    return True


def numpy_cosine_similarity_distance(a, b):
    similarity = np.dot(a, b) / (norm(a) * norm(b))
    distance = 1.0 - similarity.mean()

    return distance


def check_if_dicts_are_equal(dict1, dict2):
    dict1, dict2 = dict1.copy(), dict2.copy()

    for key, value in dict1.items():
        if isinstance(value, set):
            dict1[key] = sorted(value)
    for key, value in dict2.items():
        if isinstance(value, set):
            dict2[key] = sorted(value)

    for key in dict1:
        if key not in dict2:
            return False
        if dict1[key] != dict2[key]:
            return False

    for key in dict2:
        if key not in dict1:
            return False

    return True


def print_tensor_test(
    tensor,
    limit_to_slices=None,
    max_torch_print=None,
    filename="test_corrections.txt",
    expected_tensor_name="expected_slice",
):
    if max_torch_print:
        torch.set_printoptions(threshold=10_000)

    test_name = os.environ.get("PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST")
    if not torch.is_tensor(tensor):
        tensor = torch.from_numpy(tensor)
    if limit_to_slices:
        tensor = tensor[0, -3:, -3:, -1]

    tensor_str = str(tensor.detach().cpu().flatten().to(torch.float32)).replace("\n", "")
    # format is usually:
    # expected_slice = np.array([-0.5713, -0.3018, -0.9814, 0.04663, -0.879, 0.76, -1.734, 0.1044, 1.161])
    output_str = tensor_str.replace("tensor", f"{expected_tensor_name} = np.array")
    test_file, test_class, test_fn = test_name.split("::")
    test_fn = test_fn.split()[0]
    with open(filename, "a") as f:
        print("::".join([test_file, test_class, test_fn, output_str]), file=f)


def get_tests_dir(append_path=None):
    """
    Args:
        append_path: optional path to append to the tests dir path
    Return:
        The full path to the `tests` dir, so that the tests can be invoked from anywhere. Optionally `append_path` is
        joined after the `tests` dir the former is provided.
    """
    # this function caller's __file__
    caller__file__ = inspect.stack()[1][1]
    tests_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(caller__file__))

    while not tests_dir.endswith("tests"):
        tests_dir = os.path.dirname(tests_dir)

    if append_path:
        return Path(tests_dir, append_path).as_posix()
    else:
        return tests_dir


# Taken from the following PR:
# https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/pull/1964
def str_to_bool(value) -> int:
    """
    Converts a string representation of truth to `True` (1) or `False` (0). True values are `y`, `yes`, `t`, `true`,
    `on`, and `1`; False value are `n`, `no`, `f`, `false`, `off`, and `0`;
    """
    value = value.lower()
    if value in ("y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"):
        return 1
    elif value in ("n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"):
        return 0
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"invalid truth value {value}")


def parse_flag_from_env(key, default=False):
    try:
        value = os.environ[key]
    except KeyError:
        # KEY isn't set, default to `default`.
        _value = default
    else:
        # KEY is set, convert it to True or False.
        try:
            _value = str_to_bool(value)
        except ValueError:
            # More values are supported, but let's keep the message simple.
            raise ValueError(f"If set, {key} must be yes or no.")
    return _value


_run_slow_tests = parse_flag_from_env("RUN_SLOW", default=False)
_run_nightly_tests = parse_flag_from_env("RUN_NIGHTLY", default=False)
_run_compile_tests = parse_flag_from_env("RUN_COMPILE", default=False)


def floats_tensor(shape, scale=1.0, rng=None, name=None):
    """Creates a random float32 tensor"""
    if rng is None:
        rng = global_rng

    total_dims = 1
    for dim in shape:
        total_dims *= dim

    values = []
    for _ in range(total_dims):
        values.append(rng.random() * scale)

    return torch.tensor(data=values, dtype=torch.float).view(shape).contiguous()


def slow(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test as slow.

    Slow tests are skipped by default. Set the RUN_SLOW environment variable to a truthy value to run them.

    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not _run_slow_tests, reason="test is slow")(test_case)


def nightly(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that runs nightly in the diffusers CI.

    Slow tests are skipped by default. Set the RUN_NIGHTLY environment variable to a truthy value to run them.

    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not _run_nightly_tests, reason="test is nightly")(test_case)


def is_torch_compile(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that runs compile tests in the diffusers CI.

    Compile tests are skipped by default. Set the RUN_COMPILE environment variable to a truthy value to run them.

    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not _run_compile_tests, reason="test is torch compile")(test_case)


def require_torch(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires PyTorch. These tests are skipped when PyTorch isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_torch_available(), reason="test requires PyTorch")(test_case)


def require_torch_2(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires PyTorch 2. These tests are skipped when it isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (is_torch_available() and is_torch_version(">=", "2.0.0")), reason="test requires PyTorch 2"
    )(test_case)


def require_torch_version_greater_equal(torch_version):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires torch with a specific version or greater."""

    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_torch_version = is_torch_available() and is_torch_version(">=", torch_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_torch_version,
            reason=f"test requires torch with the version greater than or equal to {torch_version}",
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_torch_version_greater(torch_version):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires torch with a specific version greater."""

    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_torch_version = is_torch_available() and is_torch_version(">", torch_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_torch_version, reason=f"test requires torch with the version greater than {torch_version}"
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_torch_gpu(test_case):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires CUDA and PyTorch."""
    return pytest.mark.skipif(torch_device != "cuda", reason="test requires PyTorch+CUDA")(test_case)


def require_torch_cuda_compatibility(expected_compute_capability):
    def decorator(test_case):
        if torch.cuda.is_available():
            current_compute_capability = get_torch_cuda_device_capability()
            return pytest.mark.skipif(
                float(current_compute_capability) != float(expected_compute_capability),
                reason="Test not supported for this compute capability.",
            )(test_case)
        return test_case

    return decorator


# These decorators are for accelerator-specific behaviours that are not GPU-specific
def require_torch_accelerator(test_case):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires an accelerator backend and PyTorch."""
    return pytest.mark.skipif(torch_device == "cpu", reason="test requires accelerator+PyTorch")(test_case)


def require_torch_multi_gpu(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires a multi-GPU setup (in PyTorch). These tests are skipped on a machine without
    multiple GPUs. To run *only* the multi_gpu tests, assuming all test names contain multi_gpu: $ pytest -sv ./tests
    -k "multi_gpu"
    """
    if not is_torch_available():
        return pytest.mark.skip(reason="test requires PyTorch")(test_case)

    import torch

    return pytest.mark.skipif(torch.cuda.device_count() <= 1, reason="test requires multiple GPUs")(test_case)


def require_torch_multi_accelerator(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires a multi-accelerator setup (in PyTorch). These tests are skipped on a machine
    without multiple hardware accelerators.
    """
    if not is_torch_available():
        return pytest.mark.skip(reason="test requires PyTorch")(test_case)

    import torch

    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (torch.cuda.device_count() > 1 or torch.xpu.device_count() > 1),
        reason="test requires multiple hardware accelerators",
    )(test_case)


def require_torch_accelerator_with_fp16(test_case):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires an accelerator with support for the FP16 data type."""
    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        not _is_torch_fp16_available(torch_device), reason="test requires accelerator with fp16 support"
    )(test_case)


def require_torch_accelerator_with_fp64(test_case):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires an accelerator with support for the FP64 data type."""
    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        not _is_torch_fp64_available(torch_device), reason="test requires accelerator with fp64 support"
    )(test_case)


def require_big_gpu_with_torch_cuda(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires a bigger GPU (24GB) for execution. Some example pipelines: Flux, SD3, Cog,
    etc.
    """
    if not is_torch_available():
        return pytest.mark.skip(reason="test requires PyTorch")(test_case)

    import torch

    if not torch.cuda.is_available():
        return pytest.mark.skip(reason="test requires PyTorch CUDA")(test_case)

    device_properties = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0)
    total_memory = device_properties.total_memory / (1024**3)
    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        total_memory < BIG_GPU_MEMORY, reason=f"test requires a GPU with at least {BIG_GPU_MEMORY} GB memory"
    )(test_case)


def require_big_accelerator(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires a bigger hardware accelerator (24GB) for execution. Some example pipelines:
    Flux, SD3, Cog, etc.
    """
    import pytest

    test_case = pytest.mark.big_accelerator(test_case)

    if not is_torch_available():
        return pytest.mark.skip(reason="test requires PyTorch")(test_case)

    import torch

    if not (torch.cuda.is_available() or torch.xpu.is_available()):
        return pytest.mark.skip(reason="test requires PyTorch CUDA")(test_case)

    if torch.xpu.is_available():
        device_properties = torch.xpu.get_device_properties(0)
    else:
        device_properties = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0)

    total_memory = device_properties.total_memory / (1024**3)
    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        total_memory < BIG_GPU_MEMORY,
        reason=f"test requires a hardware accelerator with at least {BIG_GPU_MEMORY} GB memory",
    )(test_case)


def require_torch_accelerator_with_training(test_case):
    """Decorator marking a test that requires an accelerator with support for training."""
    return pytest.mark.skipif(
        not (is_torch_available() and backend_supports_training(torch_device)),
        reason="test requires accelerator with training support",
    )(test_case)


def skip_mps(test_case):
    """Decorator marking a test to skip if torch_device is 'mps'"""
    return pytest.mark.skipif(torch_device == "mps", reason="test requires non 'mps' device")(test_case)


def require_flax(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires JAX & Flax. These tests are skipped when one / both are not installed
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_flax_available(), reason="test requires JAX & Flax")(test_case)


def require_compel(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires compel: https://github.com/damian0815/compel. These tests are skipped when
    the library is not installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_compel_available(), reason="test requires compel")(test_case)


def require_onnxruntime(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires onnxruntime. These tests are skipped when onnxruntime isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_onnx_available(), reason="test requires onnxruntime")(test_case)


def require_note_seq(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires note_seq. These tests are skipped when note_seq isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_note_seq_available(), reason="test requires note_seq")(test_case)


def require_accelerator(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires a hardware accelerator backend. These tests are skipped when there are no
    hardware accelerator available.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(torch_device == "cpu", reason="test requires a hardware accelerator")(test_case)


def require_torchsde(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires torchsde. These tests are skipped when torchsde isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_torchsde_available(), reason="test requires torchsde")(test_case)


def require_peft_backend(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires PEFT backend, this would require some specific versions of PEFT and
    transformers.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not USE_PEFT_BACKEND, reason="test requires PEFT backend")(test_case)


def require_timm(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires timm. These tests are skipped when timm isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_timm_available(), reason="test requires timm")(test_case)


def require_bitsandbytes(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires bitsandbytes. These tests are skipped when bitsandbytes isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_bitsandbytes_available(), reason="test requires bitsandbytes")(test_case)


def require_quanto(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires quanto. These tests are skipped when quanto isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_optimum_quanto_available(), reason="test requires quanto")(test_case)


def require_accelerate(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires accelerate. These tests are skipped when accelerate isn't installed.
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(not is_accelerate_available(), reason="test requires accelerate")(test_case)


def require_peft_version_greater(peft_version):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires PEFT backend with a specific version, this would require some specific
    versions of PEFT and transformers.
    """

    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_peft_version = is_peft_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("peft")).base_version
        ) > version.parse(peft_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_peft_version, reason=f"test requires PEFT backend with the version greater than {peft_version}"
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_transformers_version_greater(transformers_version):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that requires transformers with a specific version, this would require some specific
    versions of PEFT and transformers.
    """

    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_transformers_version = is_transformers_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("transformers")).base_version
        ) > version.parse(transformers_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_transformers_version,
            reason=f"test requires transformers with the version greater than {transformers_version}",
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_accelerate_version_greater(accelerate_version):
    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_accelerate_version = is_accelerate_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("accelerate")).base_version
        ) > version.parse(accelerate_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_accelerate_version,
            reason=f"Test requires accelerate with the version greater than {accelerate_version}.",
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_bitsandbytes_version_greater(bnb_version):
    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_bnb_version = is_bitsandbytes_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("bitsandbytes")).base_version
        ) > version.parse(bnb_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_bnb_version, reason=f"Test requires bitsandbytes with the version greater than {bnb_version}."
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_hf_hub_version_greater(hf_hub_version):
    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_hf_hub_version = version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("huggingface_hub")).base_version
        ) > version.parse(hf_hub_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_hf_hub_version,
            reason=f"Test requires huggingface_hub with the version greater than {hf_hub_version}.",
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_gguf_version_greater_or_equal(gguf_version):
    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_gguf_version = is_gguf_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("gguf")).base_version
        ) >= version.parse(gguf_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_gguf_version, reason=f"Test requires gguf with the version greater than {gguf_version}."
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_torchao_version_greater_or_equal(torchao_version):
    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_torchao_version = is_torchao_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("torchao")).base_version
        ) >= version.parse(torchao_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_torchao_version, reason=f"Test requires torchao with version greater than {torchao_version}."
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def require_kernels_version_greater_or_equal(kernels_version):
    def decorator(test_case):
        correct_kernels_version = is_kernels_available() and version.parse(
            version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("kernels")).base_version
        ) >= version.parse(kernels_version)
        return pytest.mark.skipif(
            not correct_kernels_version, reason=f"Test requires kernels with version greater than {kernels_version}."
        )(test_case)

    return decorator


def deprecate_after_peft_backend(test_case):
    """
    Decorator marking a test that will be skipped after PEFT backend
    """
    return pytest.mark.skipif(USE_PEFT_BACKEND, reason="test skipped in favor of PEFT backend")(test_case)


def get_python_version():
    sys_info = sys.version_info
    major, minor = sys_info.major, sys_info.minor
    return major, minor


def load_numpy(arry: Union[str, np.ndarray], local_path: Optional[str] = None) -> np.ndarray:
    if isinstance(arry, str):
        if local_path is not None:
            # local_path can be passed to correct images of tests
            return Path(local_path, arry.split("/")[-5], arry.split("/")[-2], arry.split("/")[-1]).as_posix()
        elif arry.startswith("http://") or arry.startswith("https://"):
            response = requests.get(arry, timeout=DIFFUSERS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
            response.raise_for_status()
            arry = np.load(BytesIO(response.content))
        elif os.path.isfile(arry):
            arry = np.load(arry)
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Incorrect path or url, URLs must start with `http://` or `https://`, and {arry} is not a valid path"
            )
    elif isinstance(arry, np.ndarray):
        pass
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            "Incorrect format used for numpy ndarray. Should be an url linking to an image, a local path, or a"
            " ndarray."
        )

    return arry


def load_pt(url: str, map_location: Optional[str] = None, weights_only: Optional[bool] = True):
    response = requests.get(url, timeout=DIFFUSERS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
    response.raise_for_status()
    arry = torch.load(BytesIO(response.content), map_location=map_location, weights_only=weights_only)
    return arry


def load_image(image: Union[str, PIL.Image.Image]) -> PIL.Image.Image:
    """
    Loads `image` to a PIL Image.

    Args:
        image (`str` or `PIL.Image.Image`):
            The image to convert to the PIL Image format.
    Returns:
        `PIL.Image.Image`:
            A PIL Image.
    """
    if isinstance(image, str):
        if image.startswith("http://") or image.startswith("https://"):
            image = PIL.Image.open(requests.get(image, stream=True, timeout=DIFFUSERS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT).raw)
        elif os.path.isfile(image):
            image = PIL.Image.open(image)
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Incorrect path or url, URLs must start with `http://` or `https://`, and {image} is not a valid path"
            )
    elif isinstance(image, PIL.Image.Image):
        image = image
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            "Incorrect format used for image. Should be an url linking to an image, a local path, or a PIL image."
        )
    image = PIL.ImageOps.exif_transpose(image)
    image = image.convert("RGB")
    return image


def preprocess_image(image: PIL.Image, batch_size: int):
    w, h = image.size
    w, h = (x - x % 8 for x in (w, h))  # resize to integer multiple of 8
    image = image.resize((w, h), resample=PIL.Image.LANCZOS)
    image = np.array(image).astype(np.float32) / 255.0
    image = np.vstack([image[None].transpose(0, 3, 1, 2)] * batch_size)
    image = torch.from_numpy(image)
    return 2.0 * image - 1.0


def export_to_gif(image: List[PIL.Image.Image], output_gif_path: str = None) -> str:
    if output_gif_path is None:
        output_gif_path = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".gif").name

    image[0].save(
        output_gif_path,
        save_all=True,
        append_images=image[1:],
        optimize=False,
        duration=100,
        loop=0,
    )
    return output_gif_path


@contextmanager
def buffered_writer(raw_f):
    f = io.BufferedWriter(raw_f)
    yield f
    f.flush()


def export_to_ply(mesh, output_ply_path: str = None):
    """
    Write a PLY file for a mesh.
    """
    if output_ply_path is None:
        output_ply_path = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".ply").name

    coords = mesh.verts.detach().cpu().numpy()
    faces = mesh.faces.cpu().numpy()
    rgb = np.stack([mesh.vertex_channels[x].detach().cpu().numpy() for x in "RGB"], axis=1)

    with buffered_writer(open(output_ply_path, "wb")) as f:
        f.write(b"ply\n")
        f.write(b"format binary_little_endian 1.0\n")
        f.write(bytes(f"element vertex {len(coords)}\n", "ascii"))
        f.write(b"property float x\n")
        f.write(b"property float y\n")
        f.write(b"property float z\n")
        if rgb is not None:
            f.write(b"property uchar red\n")
            f.write(b"property uchar green\n")
            f.write(b"property uchar blue\n")
        if faces is not None:
            f.write(bytes(f"element face {len(faces)}\n", "ascii"))
            f.write(b"property list uchar int vertex_index\n")
        f.write(b"end_header\n")

        if rgb is not None:
            rgb = (rgb * 255.499).round().astype(int)
            vertices = [
                (*coord, *rgb)
                for coord, rgb in zip(
                    coords.tolist(),
                    rgb.tolist(),
                )
            ]
            format = struct.Struct("<3f3B")
            for item in vertices:
                f.write(format.pack(*item))
        else:
            format = struct.Struct("<3f")
            for vertex in coords.tolist():
                f.write(format.pack(*vertex))

        if faces is not None:
            format = struct.Struct("<B3I")
            for tri in faces.tolist():
                f.write(format.pack(len(tri), *tri))

    return output_ply_path


def export_to_obj(mesh, output_obj_path: str = None):
    if output_obj_path is None:
        output_obj_path = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".obj").name

    verts = mesh.verts.detach().cpu().numpy()
    faces = mesh.faces.cpu().numpy()

    vertex_colors = np.stack([mesh.vertex_channels[x].detach().cpu().numpy() for x in "RGB"], axis=1)
    vertices = [
        "{} {} {} {} {} {}".format(*coord, *color) for coord, color in zip(verts.tolist(), vertex_colors.tolist())
    ]

    faces = ["f {} {} {}".format(str(tri[0] + 1), str(tri[1] + 1), str(tri[2] + 1)) for tri in faces.tolist()]

    combined_data = ["v " + vertex for vertex in vertices] + faces

    with open(output_obj_path, "w") as f:
        f.writelines("\n".join(combined_data))


def export_to_video(video_frames: List[np.ndarray], output_video_path: str = None) -> str:
    if is_opencv_available():
        import cv2
    else:
        raise ImportError(BACKENDS_MAPPING["opencv"][1].format("export_to_video"))
    if output_video_path is None:
        output_video_path = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".mp4").name

    fourcc = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*"mp4v")
    h, w, c = video_frames[0].shape
    video_writer = cv2.VideoWriter(output_video_path, fourcc, fps=8, frameSize=(w, h))
    for i in range(len(video_frames)):
        img = cv2.cvtColor(video_frames[i], cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
        video_writer.write(img)
    return output_video_path


def load_hf_numpy(path) -> np.ndarray:
    base_url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/fusing/diffusers-testing/resolve/main"

    if not path.startswith("http://") and not path.startswith("https://"):
        path = os.path.join(base_url, urllib.parse.quote(path))

    return load_numpy(path)


# --- pytest conf functions --- #

# to avoid multiple invocation from tests/conftest.py and examples/conftest.py - make sure it's called only once
pytest_opt_registered = {}


def pytest_addoption_shared(parser):
    """
    This function is to be called from `conftest.py` via `pytest_addoption` wrapper that has to be defined there.

    It allows loading both `conftest.py` files at once without causing a failure due to adding the same `pytest`
    option.

    """
    option = "--make-reports"
    if option not in pytest_opt_registered:
        parser.addoption(
            option,
            action="store",
            default=False,
            help="generate report files. The value of this option is used as a prefix to report names",
        )
        pytest_opt_registered[option] = 1


def pytest_terminal_summary_main(tr, id):
    """
    Generate multiple reports at the end of test suite run - each report goes into a dedicated file in the current
    directory. The report files are prefixed with the test suite name.

    This function emulates --duration and -rA pytest arguments.

    This function is to be called from `conftest.py` via `pytest_terminal_summary` wrapper that has to be defined
    there.

    Args:
    - tr: `terminalreporter` passed from `conftest.py`
    - id: unique id like `tests` or `examples` that will be incorporated into the final reports filenames - this is
      needed as some jobs have multiple runs of pytest, so we can't have them overwrite each other.

    NB: this functions taps into a private _pytest API and while unlikely, it could break should
    pytest do internal changes - also it calls default internal methods of terminalreporter which
    can be hijacked by various `pytest-` plugins and interfere.

    """
    from _pytest.config import create_terminal_writer

    if not len(id):
        id = "tests"

    config = tr.config
    orig_writer = config.get_terminal_writer()
    orig_tbstyle = config.option.tbstyle
    orig_reportchars = tr.reportchars

    dir = "reports"
    Path(dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    report_files = {
        k: f"{dir}/{id}_{k}.txt"
        for k in [
            "durations",
            "errors",
            "failures_long",
            "failures_short",
            "failures_line",
            "passes",
            "stats",
            "summary_short",
            "warnings",
        ]
    }

    # custom durations report
    # note: there is no need to call pytest --durations=XX to get this separate report
    # adapted from https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/blob/897f151e/src/_pytest/runner.py#L66
    dlist = []
    for replist in tr.stats.values():
        for rep in replist:
            if hasattr(rep, "duration"):
                dlist.append(rep)
    if dlist:
        dlist.sort(key=lambda x: x.duration, reverse=True)
        with open(report_files["durations"], "w") as f:
            durations_min = 0.05  # sec
            f.write("slowest durations\n")
            for i, rep in enumerate(dlist):
                if rep.duration < durations_min:
                    f.write(f"{len(dlist) - i} durations < {durations_min} secs were omitted")
                    break
                f.write(f"{rep.duration:02.2f}s {rep.when:<8} {rep.nodeid}\n")

    def summary_failures_short(tr):
        # expecting that the reports were --tb=long (default) so we chop them off here to the last frame
        reports = tr.getreports("failed")
        if not reports:
            return
        tr.write_sep("=", "FAILURES SHORT STACK")
        for rep in reports:
            msg = tr._getfailureheadline(rep)
            tr.write_sep("_", msg, red=True, bold=True)
            # chop off the optional leading extra frames, leaving only the last one
            longrepr = re.sub(r".*_ _ _ (_ ){10,}_ _ ", "", rep.longreprtext, 0, re.M | re.S)
            tr._tw.line(longrepr)
            # note: not printing out any rep.sections to keep the report short

    # use ready-made report funcs, we are just hijacking the filehandle to log to a dedicated file each
    # adapted from https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/blob/897f151e/src/_pytest/terminal.py#L814
    # note: some pytest plugins may interfere by hijacking the default `terminalreporter` (e.g.
    # pytest-instafail does that)

    # report failures with line/short/long styles
    config.option.tbstyle = "auto"  # full tb
    with open(report_files["failures_long"], "w") as f:
        tr._tw = create_terminal_writer(config, f)
        tr.summary_failures()

    # config.option.tbstyle = "short" # short tb
    with open(report_files["failures_short"], "w") as f:
        tr._tw = create_terminal_writer(config, f)
        summary_failures_short(tr)

    config.option.tbstyle = "line"  # one line per error
    with open(report_files["failures_line"], "w") as f:
        tr._tw = create_terminal_writer(config, f)
        tr.summary_failures()

    with open(report_files["errors"], "w") as f:
        tr._tw = create_terminal_writer(config, f)
        tr.summary_errors()

    with open(report_files["warnings"], "w") as f:
        tr._tw = create_terminal_writer(config, f)
        tr.summary_warnings()  # normal warnings
        tr.summary_warnings()  # final warnings

    tr.reportchars = "wPpsxXEf"  # emulate -rA (used in summary_passes() and short_test_summary())
    with open(report_files["passes"], "w") as f:
        tr._tw = create_terminal_writer(config, f)
        tr.summary_passes()

    with open(report_files["summary_short"], "w") as f: